Center for Sustainable Systems, School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, 440 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.
Research and Innovation Center, Ford Motor Company, Dearborn, Michigan 48121, United States.
Environ Sci Technol. 2022 Aug 16;56(16):11798-11806. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02050. Epub 2022 Aug 5.
The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the growth of e-commerce and automated warehouses, vehicles, and robots and has created new options for grocery supply chains. We report and compare the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for a 36-item grocery basket transported along 72 unique paths from a centralized warehouse to the customer, including impacts of micro-fulfillment centers, refrigeration, vehicle automation, and last-mile transportation. Our base case is in-store shopping with last-mile transportation using an internal combustion engine (ICE) SUV (6.0 kg COe). The results indicate that emissions reductions could be achieved by e-commerce with micro-fulfillment centers (16-54%), customer vehicle electrification (18-42%), or grocery delivery (22-65%) compared to the base case. In-store shopping with an ICE pick-up truck has the highest emissions of all paths investigated (6.9 kg COe) while delivery using a sidewalk automated robot has the least (1.0 kg COe). Shopping frequency is an important factor for households to consider, e.g. halving shopping frequency can reduce GHG emissions by 44%. Trip chaining also offers an opportunity to reduce emissions with approximately 50% savings compared to the base case. Opportunities for grocers and households to reduce grocery supply chain carbon footprints are identified and discussed.
新冠疫情加速了电子商务和自动化仓库、车辆以及机器人的发展，为杂货供应链创造了新的选择。我们报告并比较了从集中式仓库到客户的 36 种杂货篮沿 72 条独特路径运输的温室气体 (GHG) 排放，包括微型履行中心、冷藏、车辆自动化和最后一英里运输的影响。我们的基本情况是使用内燃机 (ICE) SUV（6.0 公斤二氧化碳当量）进行最后一英里运输的店内购物。结果表明，与基本情况相比，电子商务与微型履行中心（16-54%）、客户车辆电气化（18-42%）或杂货配送（22-65%）可以实现减排。所有调查路径中，店内购物使用 ICE 皮卡的排放量最高（6.9 公斤二氧化碳当量），而使用人行道自动机器人送货的排放量最低（1.0 公斤二氧化碳当量）。购物频率是家庭考虑的一个重要因素，例如将购物频率减半可以将温室气体排放量减少 44%。旅行连锁也为减少排放提供了机会，与基本情况相比，可节省约 50%的排放量。确定并讨论了杂货商和家庭减少杂货供应链碳足迹的机会。
