Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Centre for Research in Waste Management, Faculty of Science University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Centre for Research in Waste Management, Faculty of Science University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Waste Manag. 2022 Sep;151:81-104. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.07.021. Epub 2022 Aug 4.
The valorisation of keratinous wastes involves biorefining and recovering the bioresource materials from the keratinous wastes to produce value-added keratin-based bioproducts with a broad application, distribution, and marketability potential. Valorisation of keratinous wastes increases the value of the wastes and enables more sustainable waste management towards a circular bioeconomy. The abundance of keratinous wastes as feedstock from agro-industrial processing, wool processing, and grooming industry benefits biorefinery and extraction of keratins, which could be the optimal solution for developing an ecologically and economically sustainable keratin-based economy. The transition from the current traditional linear models that are deleterious to the environment, which end energy and resources recovery through disposal by incineration and landfilling, to a more sustainable and closed-loop recycling and recovery approach that minimises pollution, disposal challenges, loss of valuable bioresources and potential revenues are required. The paper provides an overview of keratinous wastes and the compositional keratin proteins with the descriptions of the various keratin extraction methods in biorefinery and functional material synthesis, including enzymatic and microbial hydrolysis, chemical hydrolysis (acid/alkaline hydrolysis, dissolution in ionic liquids, oxidative and sulphitolysis) and chemical-free hydrolysis (steam explosion and ultrasonic). The study describes various uses and applications of keratinases and keratin-based composites fabricated through various manufacturing processes such as lyophilisation, compression moulding, solvent casting, hydrogel fabrication, sponge formation, electrospinning, and 3D printing for value-added applications.
角蛋白废物的增值利用涉及生物炼制，从角蛋白废物中回收生物资源材料，以生产具有广泛应用、分布和市场潜力的增值角蛋白基生物制品。角蛋白废物的增值利用提高了废物的价值，使废物管理更加可持续，朝着循环生物经济的方向发展。农业工业加工、羊毛加工和美容行业作为饲料来源的角蛋白废物丰富，有利于生物炼制和角蛋白的提取，这可能是开发生态和经济可持续的角蛋白经济的最佳解决方案。需要从当前对环境有害的传统线性模型向更可持续的闭环回收和恢复方法转变，这种方法通过焚烧和填埋来处理能源和资源的回收，以最大限度地减少污染、处理挑战、有价值的生物资源损失和潜在收入的损失。本文概述了角蛋白废物及其组成角蛋白蛋白，并描述了生物炼制和功能材料合成中各种角蛋白提取方法，包括酶法和微生物水解、化学水解（酸/碱水解、在离子液体中的溶解、氧化和亚硫酸分解）和无化学水解（蒸汽爆破和超声）。该研究描述了角蛋白酶和通过各种制造工艺（如冻干、压缩成型、溶剂浇铸、水凝胶制造、海绵形成、静电纺丝和 3D 打印）制造的角蛋白基复合材料的各种用途和应用，用于增值应用。
