Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
Bacterial Respiratory Infection Service, Scottish Microbiology Reference Laboratory, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK; College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, Glasgow Dental Hospital & School, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
Vet Microbiol. 2022 Oct;273:109524. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109524. Epub 2022 Jul 30.
Streptococcus canis is a multi-host pathogen that causes disease of varying severity in a wide range of mammals, including humans. Dogs and cats appear to be the primary hosts and may play a role in transmitting infection to humans. The broader epidemiology of S. canis, however, is still poorly understood, as are its virulence mechanisms, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and population structure. In this review we gather existing knowledge on S. canis, describing its epidemiology in animals and humans and present information on virulence factors, classification schemes and AMR prevalence. We describe the main ecological niches of S. canis in companion animals, discuss potential risk factors for infection in humans and propose a multi-host transmission cycle. We show that current knowledge on S. canis virulence determinants is limited and sometimes contradictory. We illustrate the different typing systems proposed to classify S. canis. We also report the range of known AMR phenotypes and the emergence of new mechanisms of resistance. Finally, we discuss the zoonotic potential of S. canis, highlighting the need for further evidence in this area. Streptococcus canis may be regarded as a neglected pathogen of one health concern. Further research is needed for its better understanding and effective control.
狗链球菌是一种多宿主病原体，可导致多种哺乳动物（包括人类）发生不同严重程度的疾病。狗和猫似乎是主要宿主，并可能在将感染传播给人类方面发挥作用。然而，狗链球菌的更广泛流行病学以及其毒力机制、抗生素耐药性（AMR）和种群结构仍了解甚少。在这篇综述中，我们收集了现有的关于狗链球菌的知识，描述了它在动物和人类中的流行病学，并介绍了毒力因子、分类方案和 AMR 流行情况的信息。我们描述了狗链球菌在伴侣动物中的主要生态位，讨论了人类感染的潜在危险因素，并提出了一个多宿主传播循环。我们表明，目前对狗链球菌毒力决定因素的了解是有限的，有时甚至相互矛盾。我们举例说明了用于分类狗链球菌的不同分型系统。我们还报告了已知 AMR 表型的范围以及新耐药机制的出现。最后，我们讨论了狗链球菌的人畜共患病潜力，强调了在这一领域需要进一步的证据。狗链球菌可以被视为一种被忽视的与一种健康有关的病原体。需要进一步研究以更好地了解和有效控制它。
