Uncovering Brain Differences in Preschoolers and Young Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder Using Deep Learning.

Identifying brain abnormalities in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is critical for early diagnosis and intervention. To explore brain differences in ASD and typical development (TD) individuals by detecting structural features using T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), we developed a deep learning-based approach, three-dimensional (3D)-ResNet with inception (I-ResNet), to identify participants with ASD and TD and propose a gradient-based backtracking method to pinpoint image areas that I-ResNet uses more heavily for classification. The proposed method was implemented in a preschool dataset with 110 participants and a public autism brain imaging data exchange (ABIDE) dataset with 1099 participants. An extra epilepsy dataset with 200 participants with clear degeneration in the parahippocampal area was applied as a verification and an extension. Among the datasets, we detected nine brain areas that differed significantly between ASD and TD. From the ROC in PASD and ABIDE, the sensitivity was 0.88 and 0.86, specificity was 0.75 and 0.62, and area under the curve was 0.787 and 0.856. In a word, I-ResNet with gradient-based backtracking could identify brain differences between ASD and TD. This study provides an alternative computer-aided technique for helping physicians to diagnose and screen children with an potential risk of ASD with deep learning model.