Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
Institute of Virology, Helmholtz Center Munich and Technical University of Munich, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
Microb Pathog. 2022 Sep;170:105704. doi: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105704. Epub 2022 Aug 7.
Patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection, exhibit various clinical manifestations and severity including respiratory and enteric involvements. One of the main reasons for death among covid-19 patients is excessive immune responses directed toward cytokine storm with a low chance of recovery. Since the balanced gut microbiota could prepare health benefits by protecting against pathogens and regulating immune homeostasis, dysbiosis or disruption of gut microbiota could promote severe complications including autoimmune disorders; we surveyed the association between the imbalanced gut bacteria and the development of cytokine storm among COVID-19 patients, also the impact of probiotics and bacteriophages on the gut bacteria community to alleviate cytokine storm in COVID-19 patients. In present review, we will scrutinize the mechanism of immunological signaling pathways which may trigger a cytokine storm in SARS-CoV2 infections. Moreover, we are explaining in detail the possible immunological signaling pathway-directing by the gut bacterial community. Consequently, the specific manipulation of gut bacteria by using probiotics and bacteriophages for alleviation of the cytokine storm will be investigated. The tripartite mutualistic cooperation of gut bacteria, probiotics, and phages as a candidate prophylactic or therapeutic approach in SARS-CoV-2 cytokine storm episodes will be discussed at last.
感染 SARS-CoV-2 的患者表现出各种临床表现和严重程度，包括呼吸道和肠道受累。导致新冠病毒患者死亡的主要原因之一是针对细胞因子风暴的过度免疫反应，其恢复的可能性很低。由于平衡的肠道微生物群可以通过预防病原体和调节免疫稳态来提供健康益处，因此肠道微生物群的失调或破坏可能会导致严重的并发症，包括自身免疫性疾病；我们调查了 COVID-19 患者中肠道细菌失衡与细胞因子风暴发展之间的关系，以及益生菌和噬菌体对肠道细菌群落的影响，以减轻 COVID-19 患者的细胞因子风暴。在本次综述中，我们将仔细研究可能引发 SARS-CoV2 感染中细胞因子风暴的免疫信号通路的机制。此外，我们还详细解释了肠道细菌群落可能指导的免疫信号通路。因此，将通过使用益生菌和噬菌体来专门调节肠道细菌以减轻细胞因子风暴。最后，将讨论肠道细菌、益生菌和噬菌体的三方互利合作作为 SARS-CoV-2 细胞因子风暴发作的候选预防或治疗方法。
