A Sandwich-Type Electrochemical Immunosensor for Insulin Detection Based on Au-Adhered Cu Zn Hollow Porous Carbon Nanocubes and AuNP Deposited Nitrogen-Doped Holey Graphene.

Rapid, accurate, and sensitive insulin detection is crucial for managing and treating diabetes. A simple sandwich-type electrochemical immunosensor is engineered using gold nanoparticle (AuNP)-adhered metal-organic framework-derived copper-zinc hollow porous carbon nanocubes (Au@Cu Zn /HPCNC) and AuNP-deposited nitrogen-doped holey graphene (NHG) are used as a dual functional label and sensing platform. The results show that identical morphology and size of Au@Cu Zn /HPCNC enhance the electrocatalytic active sites, conductivity, and surface area to immobilize the detection antibodies (Ab ). In addition, AuNP/NHG has the requisite biocompatibility and electrical conductivity, which facilitates electron transport and increases the surface area of the capture antibody (Ab ). Significantly, Cu Zn /HPCNC exhibits necessary catalytic activity and sensitivity for the electrochemical reduction of H O using (i-t) amperometry and improves the electrochemical response in differential pulse voltammetry. Under optimal conditions, the immunosensor for insulin demonstrates a wide linear range with a low detection limit and viable specificity, stability, and reproducibility. The platform's practicality is evaluated by detecting insulin in human serum samples. All these characteristics indicate that the Cu Zn /HPCNC-based biosensing strategy may be used for the point-of-care assay of diverse biomarkers.