Fahy G M, Levy D I, Ali S E
Cryobiology. 1987 Jun;24(3):196-213. doi: 10.1016/0011-2240(87)90023-x.
Vitrification solutions are aqueous cryoprotectant solutions which do not freeze when cooled at moderate rates to very low temperatures. Vitrification solutions have been used with great success for the cryopreservation of some biological systems but have been less successful or unsuccessful with other systems, and more fundamental knowledge about vitrification solutions is required. The purpose of the present survey is to show that a general understanding of the physical behavior and biological effects of vitrification solutions, as well as an understanding of the conditions under which vitrification solutions are required, is gradually emerging. Detailed nonequilibrium phase diagram information in combination with specific information on the tolerance of biological systems to ice and to cryoprotectant at subzero temperatures provides a quantitative theoretical basis for choosing between vitrification and freezing. The vitrification behavior of mixtures of cryoprotective agents during cooling is predictable from the behavior of the individual agents, and the behavior of individual agents is gradually becoming predictable from the details of their molecular structures. Progress is continuing concerning the elucidation of mechanisms and cellular sites of toxicity and mechanisms for the reduction of toxicity. Finally, important new information is rapidly emerging concerning the crystallization of previously vitrified cryoprotectant solutions during warming. It appears that vitrification tendency, toxicity, and devitrification all depend on subtle variations in the organization of water around dissolved substances.
玻璃化溶液是一种水性冷冻保护剂溶液，当以适中速率冷却至极低温度时不会冻结。玻璃化溶液已成功用于某些生物系统的冷冻保存，但在其他系统中效果较差或不成功，因此需要更多关于玻璃化溶液的基础知识。本次综述的目的是表明，对玻璃化溶液的物理行为和生物学效应以及对需要使用玻璃化溶液的条件的全面理解正在逐渐形成。详细的非平衡相图信息与关于生物系统在零下温度下对冰和冷冻保护剂的耐受性的具体信息相结合，为在玻璃化和冷冻之间做出选择提供了定量的理论基础。冷冻保护剂混合物在冷却过程中的玻璃化行为可以从单个试剂的行为预测，而单个试剂的行为也正逐渐从其分子结构细节变得可预测。在阐明毒性机制、细胞毒性位点以及降低毒性的机制方面，研究仍在继续。最后，关于先前玻璃化的冷冻保护剂溶液在升温过程中的结晶，重要的新信息正在迅速出现。看来，玻璃化倾向、毒性和脱玻璃化都取决于溶解物质周围水的组织的细微变化。
