Department of Science and Technology, Food and Nutrition Research Institute, Bicutan, Taguig, Philippines.
Nutr J. 2022 Aug 12;21(1):52. doi: 10.1186/s12937-022-00804-x.
The quality of foods taken during breakfast could contribute in shaping diet quality. This study determined the regularity of breakfast consumption and breakfast quality based on the food, energy and nutrient intakes of Filipinos.
Data from the 2018 Expanded National Nutrition Survey (ENNS) was extracted for analysis. There were 63,655 individuals comprising about 14,013 school-aged children (6-12 years old), 9,082 adolescents (13-18 years old), 32,255 adults (19-59 years old), and 8,305 elderly (60 years old and above). Two-day non-consecutive 24-h food recalls were used to measure food and nutrient intakes. Diet quality was measured using Nutrient-Rich Food Index (NRF) 9.3. The sample was stratified by age group and NRF9.3 tertiles.
Results showed that 96 - 98% Filipinos across age groups were consuming breakfast. Children age 6-12 years have the highest NRF9.3 average score (417), followed by the elderly (347), adolescents (340), and adults (330). These scores were very low in comparison with the maximum possible NRF score which is 900. The essential nutrient intakes of respondents were significantly higher among those with the healthiest breakfast diet (Tertile 3) compared to those with the poorest breakfast diet (Tertile 1). However, participants in the healthiest breakfast diet did not meet 20% of the recommendations for calcium, fiber, vitamin C, and potassium.
This study revealed that majority of the population are regular breakfast consumers. However, the breakfast consumed regularly by Filipinos were found to be nutritionally inadequate. And even those classified under Tertile 3 which were assumed as having a better quality of breakfast were still found to have nutrient inadequacies. Thus, the study suggests that Filipinos must consume a healthy breakfast by including nutrient-dense foods such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, fresh meat, and milk to provide at least 20-25% of the daily energy and nutrient intakes.
早餐所摄入食物的质量可能会影响整体饮食质量。本研究基于菲律宾人的食物、能量和营养素摄入量，确定了早餐的规律性和早餐质量。
本研究从 2018 年扩大国家营养调查（ENNS）中提取数据进行分析。共有 63655 人参与，包括 14013 名学龄儿童（6-12 岁）、9082 名青少年（13-18 岁）、32255 名成年人（19-59 岁）和 8305 名老年人（60 岁及以上）。采用 2 天非连续 24 小时食物回忆法来测量食物和营养素摄入量。使用营养丰富食物指数（NRF）9.3 来衡量饮食质量。根据年龄组和 NRF9.3 三分位数进行分层抽样。
结果表明，96%-98%的不同年龄组的菲律宾人都有吃早餐。6-12 岁的儿童 NRF9.3 平均得分为 417，其次是老年人（347）、青少年（340）和成年人（330）。与 NRF 最高可能得分为 900 相比，这些分数非常低。与最差早餐饮食（第 1 三分位数）相比，健康早餐饮食（第 3 三分位数）的受访者必需营养素摄入量明显更高。然而，健康早餐饮食组的参与者仅满足钙、纤维、维生素 C 和钾 20%的推荐摄入量。
本研究表明，大多数人群是有规律的早餐消费者。然而，菲律宾人经常吃的早餐在营养上是不足的。即使那些被归类为第 3 三分位数的人被认为有更好的早餐质量，但他们仍然存在营养不足的情况。因此，本研究建议菲律宾人必须通过食用营养丰富的食物来吃健康的早餐，如水果、蔬菜、全谷物、新鲜肉类和牛奶，以提供至少 20-25%的日常能量和营养素摄入量。
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