Center for Public Health Nutrition, University of Washington, Box 353410, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York, NY 10467, USA.
Nutrients. 2018 Sep 1;10(9):1200. doi: 10.3390/nu10091200.
The contribution of breakfast to diet quality (DQ) can inform future dietary guidelines. This study examined breakfast nutrition in relation to overall DQ, using dietary data from the first reported day of the National Health and Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011⁻2014 ( = 14,488). Relative DQ was assessed using the Nutrient Rich Foods Index (NRF9.3) and the USDA Healthy Eating Index 2015 (HEI 2015). The sample was stratified by NRF9.3 tertiles and by age and socioeconomic groups. Four out of 5 NHANES participants had breakfast on the day of the interview. Breakfast provided 19⁻22% of dietary energy depending on age. Breakfast intakes of complex carbohydrates and total sugars were proportionately higher and intakes of protein and fats were lower relative to breakfast energy intakes. Breakfast provided more that 20% of daily intakes of B vitamins, vitamins A and D, folate, calcium, iron, potassium and magnesium. Eating breakfast was associated with higher NRF9.3 DQ scores. Breakfasts associated with the top tertile of NRF9.3 scores had less added sugars and fats than those associated with the bottom tertile. Such breakfasts had more fruit and juices, more whole grain products, more milk and yogurt and less meat and eggs. Breakfast patterns and food choices that favored fruit, whole grains and dairy were associated with healthiest diets.
早餐对饮食质量（DQ）的贡献可以为未来的饮食指南提供信息。本研究使用 2011-2014 年全国健康和营养检查调查（NHANES）首次报告日的饮食数据，考察了早餐营养与整体 DQ 的关系（n=14488）。使用营养丰富食物指数（NRF9.3）和美国农业部 2015 年健康饮食指数（HEI 2015）评估相对 DQ。根据 NRF9.3 三分位数和年龄及社会经济群体对样本进行分层。在接受采访的当天，大约有五分之四的 NHANES 参与者吃了早餐。早餐提供的能量占每日能量摄入的 19%-22%，具体取决于年龄。与早餐能量摄入相比，早餐中复合碳水化合物和总糖的摄入量相对较高，而蛋白质和脂肪的摄入量较低。早餐提供的维生素 B 族、维生素 A 和 D、叶酸、钙、铁、钾和镁等营养素，超过了日常摄入量的 20%。吃早餐与更高的 NRF9.3 DQ 评分相关。与 NRF9.3 评分最高三分位数相关的早餐，添加糖和脂肪含量低于与最低三分位数相关的早餐。这些早餐含有更多的水果和果汁、更多的全谷物产品、更多的牛奶和酸奶，以及更少的肉和鸡蛋。偏好水果、全谷物和乳制品的早餐模式和食物选择与最健康的饮食相关。
