Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA.
Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Aug 2;19(15):9477. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19159477.
Nicotine usage by mothers throughout pregnancy has been observed to relate to numerous deleterious effects in children, especially relating to obesity. Children who have prenatally been exposed to nicotine tend to have lower birth weights, with an elevated risk of becoming overweight throughout development and into their adolescent and adult life. There are numerous theories as to how this occurs: catch-up growth theory, thrifty phenotype theory, neurotransmitter or endocrine imbalances theory, and a more recent examination on the genetic factors relating to obesity risk. In addition to the negative effect on bodyweight and BMI, individuals with obesity may also suffer from numerous comorbidities involving metabolic disease. These may include type 1 and 2 diabetes, high cholesterol levels, and liver disease. Predisposition for obesity with nicotine usage may also be associated with genetic risk alleles for obesity, such as the DRD2 A1 variant. This is important for prenatally nicotine-exposed individuals as an opportunity to provide early prevention and intervention of obesity-related risks.
母亲在整个怀孕期间使用尼古丁已被观察到与儿童的许多有害影响有关，尤其是与肥胖有关。在怀孕期间接触过尼古丁的儿童往往出生体重较低，在整个发育过程中以及进入青少年和成年期超重的风险增加。有许多理论解释了这种情况的发生：追赶生长理论、节俭表型理论、神经递质或内分泌失衡理论，以及最近对与肥胖风险相关的遗传因素的研究。除了对体重和 BMI 的负面影响外，肥胖个体还可能患有涉及代谢疾病的多种合并症。这些可能包括 1 型和 2 型糖尿病、高胆固醇水平和肝病。使用尼古丁导致肥胖的倾向也可能与肥胖的遗传风险等位基因有关，例如 DRD2 A1 变体。这对于怀孕期间接触过尼古丁的个体来说非常重要，因为这是提供预防和干预肥胖相关风险的机会。
