Shaver P, Schwartz J, Kirson D, O'Connor C
J Pers Soc Psychol. 1987 Jun;52(6):1061-86. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.52.6.1061.
Recent work on natural categories suggests a framework for conceptualizing people's knowledge about emotions. Categories of natural objects or events, including emotions, are formed as a result of repeated experiences and become organized around prototypes (Rosch, 1978); the interrelated set of emotion categories becomes organized within an abstract-to-concrete hierarchy. At the basic level of the emotion hierarchy one finds the handful of concepts (love, joy, anger, sadness, fear, and perhaps, surprise) most useful for making everyday distinctions among emotions, and these overlap substantially with the examples mentioned most readily when people are asked to name emotions (Fehr & Russell, 1984), with the emotions children learn to name first (Bretherton & Beeghly, 1982), and with what theorists have called basic or primary emotions. This article reports two studies, one exploring the hierarchical organization of emotion concepts and one specifying the prototypes, or scripts, of five basic emotions, and it shows how the prototype approach might be used in the future to investigate the processing of information about emotional events, cross-cultural differences in emotion concepts, and the development of emotion knowledge.
近期关于自然范畴的研究提出了一个概念框架，用于理解人们对情绪的认知。包括情绪在内的自然物体或事件的范畴，是反复体验的结果，并围绕原型形成组织（罗施，1978）；相互关联的情绪范畴集在一个从抽象到具体的层次结构中组织起来。在情绪层次结构的基本层面，可以找到少数几个对日常情绪区分最有用的概念（爱、喜悦、愤怒、悲伤、恐惧，或许还有惊讶），这些概念与人们被要求说出情绪时最容易提到的例子（费尔和拉塞尔，1984）、儿童最先学会命名的情绪（布雷瑟顿和比格利，1982）以及理论家所称的基本或主要情绪有很大重叠。本文报告了两项研究，一项探索情绪概念的层次组织，另一项明确五种基本情绪的原型或脚本，并展示了原型方法未来可如何用于研究情绪事件信息的处理、情绪概念的跨文化差异以及情绪知识的发展。
