University of Münster, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, Corrensstrasse 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
Technical University of München, Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, Lise-Meitner-Straße 34, D-85354 München, Germany.
Fitoterapia. 2022 Oct;162:105282. doi: 10.1016/j.fitote.2022.105282. Epub 2022 Aug 18.
The roots of horseradish (Armoracia rusticana) are used for infections of respiratory airway and for urinary tract infections due to isothiocyanates (ITC), enzymatically formed during fermentation of glucosinolates by myrosinase.
HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE: The present study aims to present a comprehensive overview on the phytochemical composition of A. rusticana roots, especially concerning isothiocyanates and respective glucosinolates. The complex flavonoid spectrum of the herbal material is reviewed. Published data on in vitro activity of horseradish extracts and isolated compounds are summarized. These data indicate well-established use of horseradish as an antibacterial remedy against bacterial infections of the airway and urinary tract.
To answer the question if other compounds from A. rusticana beside ITC contribute to the antibacterial activity, non-targeted LC-MS studies were performed with fermented and non-fermented horseradish extracts, and detailed phytochemical profiles were established.
Comparative investigations on the antibacterial activity indicated that only ITC-containing extracts and fractions exert antibacterial activity. The huge variety of non-ITC compounds do not significantly contribute to the antibacterial activity, but can be used for analytical characterisation and quality control of the herbal material. Detailed phytochemical analysis additionally revealed a variety of compounds, not described until now for horseradish roots: the flavonol glycosides kaempferol-3-O-β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1''' → 2'')-β-d-galactopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1''' → 6'')-β-d-glucopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, Kaempferol-3-O-β-d-xylopyranosyl-7-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, Kaempferol-3-O-β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1'''' → 2''')-β-d-galactopyranoside-7-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, the oxo-indole derivative spirobrassinin, the phenylthiazole 2-methylsulfanyl-4-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1,3-thiazole, a series of lysophophatidylethanolamine and 13 different N-phenylpropenoyl-L-amino acids.
The antibacterial effects of horseradish are only due to the presence of glucosinolates resp. the corresponding ITC, and the detailed overall composition of horseradish extracts has been reported.
辣根（Armoracia rusticana）的根因异硫氰酸酯（ITC）而被用于呼吸道感染和尿路感染，这些 ITC 是在芥子酶作用下由硫代葡萄糖苷酶促形成的。
假设/目的：本研究旨在全面概述辣根根的植物化学成分，特别是关于异硫氰酸酯及其相应的硫代葡萄糖苷。综述了草药材料复杂的黄酮类谱。总结了辣根提取物和分离化合物的体外活性的已发表数据。这些数据表明，辣根作为一种针对呼吸道和尿路感染的细菌感染的抗菌疗法已有充分的应用。
为了回答除 ITC 以外的辣根根中的其他化合物是否有助于抗菌活性的问题，对发酵和未发酵的辣根提取物进行了非靶向 LC-MS 研究，并建立了详细的植物化学成分谱。
对抗菌活性的比较研究表明，只有含有 ITC 的提取物和馏分具有抗菌活性。大量的非 ITC 化合物对抗菌活性没有显著贡献，但可用于草药材料的分析鉴定和质量控制。详细的植物化学分析还揭示了多种以前未描述的辣根根化合物：黄酮醇糖苷山柰酚-3-O-β-d-吡喃木糖基-(1'''→2'')-β-d-半乳糖吡喃糖苷、山柰酚-3-O-α-l-鼠李吡喃糖苷-(1'''→6'')-β-d-葡萄糖吡喃糖苷、山柰酚-3-O-β-d-吡喃葡萄糖苷、山柰酚-3-O-β-d-吡喃木糖基-7-O-β-d-吡喃葡萄糖苷、山柰酚-3-O-β-d-吡喃木糖基-(1''''→2''')-β-d-半乳糖吡喃糖苷-7-O-β-d-葡萄糖吡喃糖苷、氧化吲哚衍生物螺 Brassinin、苯噻唑 2-甲基巯基-4-苯基-4,5-二氢-1,3-噻唑、一系列溶血磷脂乙醇胺和 13 种不同的 N-苯丙烯酰-L-氨基酸。
辣根的抗菌作用仅归因于硫代葡萄糖苷的存在，相应的 ITC，并且已经报道了辣根提取物的详细整体组成。
