School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China.
School of Karst Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China.
Zool Res. 2022 Sep 18;43(5):787-804. doi: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2022.081.
The Chang, 1935 genus of Asian warty newts is the second most diverse genus in the family Salamandridae, currently containing 14 recognized species from northern Vietnam to southwest-central and southern China. Although species of this genus have been included in previous phylogenetic studies, the origin and interspecific relationships of the genus are still not fully resolved, especially at key nodes in the phylogeny. In this study, we sequenced mitochondrial genomes and 32 nuclear genes from 27 samples belonging to 14 species to reconstruct the interspecific phylogenetic relationships within and explore its historical biogeography in southern China. Both Bayesian inference and maximum-likelihood analyses highly supported the monophyly of and its two recognized species groups ( and groups) and further identified five hypothetical phylogenetic cryptic species. Biogeographic analyses indicated that originated in southwestern China (Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau/South China) during the late Oligocene. The time of origin of corresponded to the second uplift of the Himalayan/Qinghai-Xizang (Tibetan) Plateau (QTP), rapid lateral extrusion of Indochina, and formation of karst landscapes in southwestern China. Principal component analysis (PCA), independent sample -tests, and niche differentiation using bioclimatic variables based on locations of occurrence suggested that habitat conditions in the three current regions (West, South, and East) differ significantly, with different levels of climatic niche differentiation. Species distribution model (SDM) predictions indicated that the most suitable distribution areas for the and species groups are western and southern/eastern areas of southern China. This study increases our knowledge of the taxonomy, biodiversity, origin, and suitable distribution areas of the genus based on phylogenetic, biogeographic, and species distribution models.
中华蟾蜍属（Chang，1935）是蝾螈科中第二大的属，分布于亚洲，目前包含 14 个种，分布于越南北部至中国西南至中南部。尽管该属的物种已被纳入先前的系统发育研究中，但该属的起源和种间关系仍未完全解决，尤其是在系统发育树的关键节点上。在这项研究中，我们从 27 个样本中测序了线粒体基因组和 32 个核基因，这些样本来自 14 个种，以重建该属内的种间系统发育关系，并探索其在中国南方的历史生物地理学。贝叶斯推断和最大似然分析都高度支持中华蟾蜍属及其两个公认的种群（组和组）的单系性，并进一步鉴定了五个假设的种间隐种。生物地理学分析表明，中华蟾蜍属起源于晚渐新世的中国西南部（云贵高原/华南）。中华蟾蜍的起源时间与喜马拉雅山脉/青藏高原（QTP）的第二次隆起、印度支那的快速侧向挤出以及中国西南部喀斯特地貌的形成相对应。基于地点的主成分分析（PCA）、独立样本 t 检验和生态位分化分析以及基于地理位置的生物气候变量表明，三个当前区域（西部、南部和东部）的中华蟾蜍栖息地条件存在显著差异，气候生态位分化程度不同。物种分布模型（SDM）预测表明，和组的最适分布区是中国南方的西部和南部/东部地区。本研究基于系统发育、生物地理和物种分布模型，增加了我们对中华蟾蜍属的分类学、生物多样性、起源和适宜分布区的认识。
