Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Nature. 2022 Sep;609(7925):174-182. doi: 10.1038/s41586-022-05126-w. Epub 2022 Aug 24.
The efficacy of adoptive T cell therapies for cancer treatment can be limited by suppressive signals from both extrinsic factors and intrinsic inhibitory checkpoints. Targeted gene editing has the potential to overcome these limitations and enhance T cell therapeutic function. Here we performed multiple genome-wide CRISPR knock-out screens under different immunosuppressive conditions to identify genes that can be targeted to prevent T cell dysfunction. These screens converged on RASA2, a RAS GTPase-activating protein (RasGAP) that we identify as a signalling checkpoint in human T cells, which is downregulated upon acute T cell receptor stimulation and can increase gradually with chronic antigen exposure. RASA2 ablation enhanced MAPK signalling and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell cytolytic activity in response to target antigen. Repeated tumour antigen stimulations in vitro revealed that RASA2-deficient T cells show increased activation, cytokine production and metabolic activity compared with control cells, and show a marked advantage in persistent cancer cell killing. RASA2-knockout CAR T cells had a competitive fitness advantage over control cells in the bone marrow in a mouse model of leukaemia. Ablation of RASA2 in multiple preclinical models of T cell receptor and CAR T cell therapies prolonged survival in mice xenografted with either liquid or solid tumours. Together, our findings highlight RASA2 as a promising target to enhance both persistence and effector function in T cell therapies for cancer treatment.
嵌合抗原受体(CAR)T 细胞疗法在治疗多种血液肿瘤和实体瘤方面取得了显著的临床疗效。然而,大多数患者会出现疾病复发,这主要是由于肿瘤的免疫逃逸机制、CAR T 细胞的扩增和持久性有限以及细胞因子释放综合征(CRS)等毒性反应。为了提高 CAR T 细胞疗法的疗效和安全性,人们提出了许多策略,包括改善 CAR 结构、增强 T 细胞的激活和扩增、降低免疫原性、联合免疫检查点阻断以及过继性 T 细胞疗法等。
过继性 T 细胞疗法是一种利用患者自身的 T 细胞来治疗疾病的方法,它可以分为两种类型:T 细胞受体(TCR)T 细胞疗法和 CAR T 细胞疗法。TCR T 细胞疗法是利用患者自身的 TCR 来识别肿瘤相关抗原(TAA),从而激活和扩增具有特异性识别能力的 T 细胞。CAR T 细胞疗法是利用基因工程技术将一个识别肿瘤相关抗原的单链抗体(scFv)与一个共刺激分子(如 CD28 或 4-1BB)融合到一个 T 细胞受体的胞内结构域,从而构建成一个 CAR,CAR T 细胞可以特异性地识别肿瘤细胞表面的抗原,并且通过共刺激信号增强自身的激活和扩增。
过继性 T 细胞疗法的疗效可以受到外在因素和内在抑制性检查点的抑制信号的限制。靶向基因编辑具有克服这些限制和增强 T 细胞治疗功能的潜力。在这里,我们在不同的免疫抑制条件下进行了多次全基因组 CRISPR 敲除筛选,以鉴定可以靶向以防止 T 细胞功能障碍的基因。这些筛选集中在 RASA2 上,RASA2 是一种 RAS GTPase 激活蛋白(RasGAP),我们将其鉴定为人类 T 细胞中的信号检查点,它在急性 T 细胞受体刺激后下调,并且可以随着慢性抗原暴露而逐渐增加。RASA2 的缺失增强了 MAPK 信号和嵌合抗原受体(CAR)T 细胞对靶抗原的细胞毒性活性。体外重复肿瘤抗原刺激显示,与对照细胞相比,RASA2 缺陷型 T 细胞在激活、细胞因子产生和代谢活性方面表现出增加,并且在持续的癌细胞杀伤中表现出明显的优势。在白血病的小鼠模型中,RASA2 敲除的 CAR T 细胞在骨髓中的竞争适应性优于对照细胞。在 TCR 和 CAR T 细胞治疗的多种临床前模型中,RASA2 的缺失延长了用液体或实体肿瘤异种移植的小鼠的存活时间。
总之,我们的研究结果强调了 RASA2 作为一种有前途的靶点,可以增强癌症治疗中 T 细胞疗法的持久性和效应功能。
J Immunother Cancer. 2024-8-16
Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2021-2-25
Trends Cancer. 2025-8-28
Nat Protoc. 2025-7-25
Zhonghua Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi. 2025-5-14
Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2025-7-4
Immunotargets Ther. 2025-6-27
Sci Transl Med. 2021-11-17
Cell. 2021-6-24
Nature. 2020-4-29
Cancer Discov. 2020-5