Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environmentgrid.31147.30 (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
Department of Medical Microbiology and Medical Immunology, Rijnstate Hospital, Velp, the Netherlands.
Microbiol Spectr. 2022 Oct 26;10(5):e0103522. doi: 10.1128/spectrum.01035-22. Epub 2022 Aug 25.
Staphylococcus argenteus is a recently described member of the Staphylococcus aureus complex (SAC) and is associated with human disease. The frequency and intensity of infections caused by are similar to those of Staphylococcus aureus. can harbor antibiotic resistance genes and a variety of virulence factors analogous to methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). The aim of our study was to analyze a collection of isolates in the Dutch national MRSA surveillance from January 2008 until March 2021 that were nontypeable by multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA). Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-ToF MS) was used for identifying the isolates, and whole-genome sequencing and SeqSphere were used to generate an in-house whole-genome multilocus sequence typing (wgMLST) scheme for typing the isolates. Furthermore, the presence of antibiotic resistance genes, replicons, and virulence genes was determined. Of 52,467 isolates submitted as MRSA from January 2008 until March 2021, 64 isolates (0.12%) were nontypeable with MLVA, and 54 of them were identified with mass spectrometry (MALDI-ToF MS) as . It appeared in retrospect that the first methicillin-resistant (MRSArg) was already submitted in 2008. An in-house-developed wgMLST scheme revealed that isolates clustered in 5 genomic groups which were characterized by distinct MLST types, resistomes, plasmid replicon families, and virulence factors. All but one isolate carried the staphylococcal chromosomal cassette (SCC) type IV harboring the methicillin resistance gene and represent MRSArg. Most of the isolates with SCC subtype IVc(2B) had a trimethoprim resistance gene, , and harbored a -carrying plasmid, and most MRSArg isolates have the immune-modulating genes and . Nine of the 47 isolates carried enterotoxin-encoding genes , , , and , which might be able to cause food poisoning. In some persons there was long-term persistence of MRSArg, and there were several genetically related MRSArg isolates in people living in close proximity, suggesting direct human-human transmission. We show that MRSArg has been circulating in the Netherlands since at least 2008. Although MRSArg is distinct from MRSA, it has a comparable population structure and carries similar resistance and virulence genes. The Dutch national MRSA surveillance has been expanded to include other methicillin-resistant members of the S. aureus complex, such as and Staphylococcus schweitzeri.
银金黄葡萄球菌是金黄色葡萄球菌复合体（SAC）中最近描述的成员，与人类疾病有关。 引起的感染的频率和强度与金黄色葡萄球菌相似。 可以携带抗生素耐药基因和各种类似于耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）的毒力因子。我们的研究目的是分析 2008 年 1 月至 2021 年 3 月期间荷兰国家 MRSA 监测中收集的一组无法通过多位点可变数串联重复分析（MLVA）进行分型的分离株。基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱（MALDI-ToF MS）用于鉴定 分离株，全基因组测序和 SeqSphere 用于生成用于对分离株进行分型的内部全基因组多位点序列分型（wgMLST）方案。此外，还确定了抗生素耐药基因、复制子和毒力基因的存在。在 2008 年 1 月至 2021 年 3 月期间提交的作为 MRSA 的 52467 株分离物中，有 64 株（0.12%）用 MLVA 无法分型，其中 54 株用质谱（ MALDI-ToF MS）鉴定为 。回顾起来，第一株耐甲氧西林的 （MRSArg）已于 2008 年提交。内部开发的 wgMLST 方案显示， 分离株聚集在 5 个基因组群中，这些基因组群具有不同的 MLST 类型、耐药谱、质粒复制子家族和毒力因子。除一株外，所有分离株均携带含有耐甲氧西林基因 的金黄色葡萄球菌染色体盒 （SCC）IV 型，代表 MRSArg。大多数携带 SCC 亚型 IVc（2B）的分离株都有一个三苯甲基嘧啶抗性基因 ，并且携带一个 质粒，大多数 MRSArg 分离株都有免疫调节基因 和 。47 株中有 9 株携带肠毒素编码基因 、 、 、和 ，它们可能会引起食物中毒。在一些人中，MRSArg 长期存在，在居住在附近的人群中存在几个遗传相关的 MRSArg 分离株，表明存在直接的人际传播。我们表明，MRSArg 自 2008 年以来一直在荷兰传播。尽管 MRSArg 与 MRSA 不同，但它具有相似的种群结构，并且携带相似的耐药性和毒力基因。荷兰国家 MRSA 监测已扩大到包括金黄色葡萄球菌复合体中的其他耐甲氧西林成员，如 和 。
