Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil.
Department of Medical Imaging, Hematology, and Oncology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil.
Cells. 2022 Aug 11;11(16):2496. doi: 10.3390/cells11162496.
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have become a trending topic in recent years; they constitute a new intercellular communication paradigm. Extracellular vesicles are 30-4000 nanometers in diameter particles that are limited by a phospholipid bilayer and contain functional biomolecules, such as proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. They are released by virtually all types of eukaryotic cells; through their cargoes, EVs are capable of triggering signaling in recipient cells. In addition to their functions in the homeostatic state, EVs have gained attention because of their roles in pathological contexts, eventually contributing to disease progression. In the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, aside from the scientific race for the development of preventive and therapeutic interventions, it is critical to understand the pathological mechanisms involved in SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this sense, EVs are key players in the main processes of COVID-19. Thus, in this review, we highlight the role of EVs in the establishment of the viral infection and in the procoagulant state, cytokine storm, and immunoregulation of innate and adaptive immune responses.
细胞外囊泡（EVs）是近年来的研究热点，它们构成了一种新的细胞间通讯模式。细胞外囊泡的直径为 30-4000 纳米，由一个磷脂双分子层限制，包含功能生物分子，如蛋白质、脂质和核酸。它们几乎由所有类型的真核细胞释放；通过其携带物，EV 能够在受体细胞中引发信号转导。除了在稳态中的功能外，EV 因其在病理情况下的作用而受到关注，最终导致疾病的进展。在 2019 年冠状病毒病（COVID-19）大流行中，除了开展预防和治疗干预的科学竞赛外，了解 SARS-CoV-2 感染涉及的病理机制至关重要。从这个意义上说，EVs 是 COVID-19 主要过程中的关键参与者。因此，在这篇综述中，我们强调了 EVs 在病毒感染的建立、促凝状态、细胞因子风暴以及先天和适应性免疫反应的免疫调节中的作用。
