Department of Oral Public Health, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Regional Fit for School Programme, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), 10th Floor, Bank of Makati Building, Ayala Avenue Extension near Corner Metropolitan Avenue, Makati City 1209, Philippines.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Aug 15;19(16):10059. doi: 10.3390/ijerph191610059.
This study evaluated the impact of packaged interventions for operation and maintenance (O&M) on the usability and cleanliness of toilets in public schools in the Philippines. In this cluster-randomized controlled trial, the divisions of Roxas City and Passi City were randomly assigned to the intervention or control group. Schools in Roxas City (n = 14) implemented the packaged O&M interventions; schools in Passi City (n = 16) formed the control group. Outcome variables were toilet usability-defined as accessible, functional and private-and toilet cleanliness, measured using the Sanitation Assessment Tool (SAT) and the Cleaner Toilets, Brighter Future (CTBF) instruments at baseline and at four months follow-up through direct observation of school toilets. SAT results showed that intervention schools had a 32.0% (4.6%; 59.3%) higher percentage of usable toilets than control schools at follow-up after full adjustment ( = 0.024). CTBF results found a similar result, although this was not statistically significant ( = 0.119). The percentage of toilets that were fully clean was 27.1% (3.7%; 50.6%) higher in intervention schools than in control schools after adjustment ( = 0.025). SAT results also showed an improvement in cleanliness of toilets in intervention schools compared to those in controls, but this did not remain significant after adjustment. The findings indicate that the additional implementation of O&M interventions can further stimulate progress towards reaching Water, Sanitation and Hygiene service levels aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals.
本研究评估了针对操作和维护（O&M）的综合干预措施对菲律宾公立学校厕所使用便利性和清洁度的影响。在这项整群随机对照试验中，罗哈斯市和帕西市被随机分配到干预组或对照组。罗哈斯市的学校（n = 14）实施了综合 O&M 干预措施；帕西市的学校（n = 16）为对照组。结果变量是厕所的使用便利性——定义为可及性、功能性和隐私性——以及厕所的清洁度，使用卫生评估工具（SAT）和清洁厕所、美好未来（CTBF）仪器在基线和四个月随访时通过对学校厕所的直接观察进行测量。SAT 结果显示，在完全调整后，干预组学校的可用厕所比例比对照组高出 32.0%（4.6%；59.3%）（ = 0.024）。CTBF 的结果也发现了类似的结果，尽管这在统计学上并不显著（ = 0.119）。调整后，干预组学校的完全清洁厕所比例比对照组高出 27.1%（3.7%；50.6%）（ = 0.025）。SAT 结果还显示，干预组学校的厕所清洁度与对照组相比有所改善，但在调整后这一结果不再显著。研究结果表明，额外实施 O&M 干预措施可以进一步推动达到与可持续发展目标相一致的水、环境卫生和个人卫生服务水平的进展。
