Atta-Ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan.
Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia.
Afr Health Sci. 2022 Mar;22(1):486-495. doi: 10.4314/ahs.v22i1.57.
Methicillin resistant (MRSA) is one of the major human pathogen that is associated with hospital as well as community acquired infections and is responsible for huge amount of life-threatening diseases.
Objective of the study was to determine MRSA prevalence, their antibiotic sensitivity patterns, frequency of virulence genes (sea, seb, sed, tst, hla, hld) and their co-occurrence with resistance marker mecA among Rawalpindi and its nearby regions of Pakistani clinical isolates.
The present study was carried out to identify the virulence and antibiotic resistance genes that co-occur in MRSA through polymerase chain reaction. Antibiotic sensitivity, presence of virulence genes and their co-occurrence with resistance marker mecA were analyzed.
These isolates were found resistant to number of antibiotics i.e. Amoxicillin (16.1%), Cefixime (48.38%), Doxycycline (27.415), Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (37.09%), Clindamycin (30.64%), Erythromycin (83.87%), Penicillin (100%), Vancomycin (4.83%), Ciprofloxacin (70.96%), Tetracycline (20%), Linezolid (3.22%) and Fusidic acid (11.295). The frequency of antibiotic resistant gene (mecA) was 69.35% and that of virulence genes hla, hld, sea, seb, sed and tst was 100, 100, 53.2, 30.6, 3.2 and 24.2% respectively. Amongst all examined genes, hla and hld genes had the highest and sed gene had the lowest frequency. The maximum coexistence of genes was observed for hla+hld+mecA gene combination (42 out of 62 isolates).
This study reports the presence of multidrug resistant, vancomycin-resistant and mecA negative MRSA isolates in infected patients of Rawalpindi and nearby regions of Pakistan that may have attributed to treatment failures, adaptability of new virulence characteristics and spread of antibiotic resistance.
耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）是一种主要的人类病原体，与医院和社区获得性感染有关，可导致大量危及生命的疾病。
本研究旨在确定拉瓦尔品第及其附近地区巴基斯坦临床分离株中 MRSA 的流行率、抗生素敏感性模式、毒力基因（sea、seb、sed、tst、hla、hld）的频率及其与耐药标记物 mecA 的共发生情况。
本研究通过聚合酶链反应鉴定了 MRSA 中共同存在的毒力和抗生素耐药基因。分析了抗生素敏感性、毒力基因的存在及其与耐药标记物 mecA 的共发生情况。
这些分离株对多种抗生素表现出耐药性，即阿莫西林（16.1%）、头孢克肟（48.38%）、强力霉素（27.415%）、复方新诺明/磺胺甲恶唑（37.09%）、克林霉素（30.64%）、红霉素（83.87%）、青霉素（100%）、万古霉素（4.83%）、环丙沙星（70.96%）、四环素（20%）、利奈唑胺（3.22%）和夫西地酸（11.295%）。抗生素耐药基因（mecA）的频率为 69.35%，hla、hld、sea、seb、sed 和 tst 毒力基因的频率分别为 100%、100%、53.2%、30.6%、3.2%和 24.2%。在所检查的基因中，hla 和 hld 基因的频率最高，sed 基因的频率最低。观察到的基因最大共存是 hla+hld+mecA 基因组合（62 个分离株中有 42 个）。
本研究报告了在巴基斯坦拉瓦尔品第及其附近地区感染患者中存在耐多药、万古霉素耐药和 mecA 阴性的 MRSA 分离株，这可能导致治疗失败、新毒力特征的适应性和抗生素耐药性的传播。
