Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
Nat Plants. 2022 Sep;8(9):996-1006. doi: 10.1038/s41477-022-01227-6. Epub 2022 Aug 29.
Engineering the plastid genome based on homologous recombination is well developed in a few model species. Homologous recombination is also the rule in mitochondria, but transformation of the mitochondrial genome has not been realized in the absence of selective markers. The application of transcription activator-like (TAL) effector-based tools brought about a dramatic change because they can be deployed from nuclear genes and targeted to plastids or mitochondria by an N-terminal targeting sequence. Recognition of the target site in the organellar genomes is ensured by the modular assembly of TALE repeats. In this paper, I review the applications of TAL effector nucleases and TAL effector cytidine deaminases for gene deletion, base editing and mutagenesis in plastids and mitochondria. I also review emerging technologies such as post-transcriptional RNA modification to regulate gene expression, Agrobacterium- and nanoparticle-mediated organellar genome transformation, and self-replicating organellar vectors as production platforms.
基于同源重组工程质体基因组在少数几个模式物种中得到了很好的发展。同源重组也是线粒体的规则，但在没有选择标记的情况下，线粒体基因组的转化尚未实现。转录激活子样（TAL）效应物为基础的工具的应用带来了巨大的变化，因为它们可以从核基因中部署，并通过 N 端靶向序列靶向质体或线粒体。TALE 重复模块的组装确保了对细胞器基因组靶位点的识别。在本文中，我回顾了 TAL 效应物核酸酶和 TAL 效应物胞嘧啶脱氨酶在质体和线粒体中的基因缺失、碱基编辑和诱变的应用。我还回顾了新兴技术，如转录后 RNA 修饰来调节基因表达、农杆菌和纳米颗粒介导的细胞器基因组转化，以及作为生产平台的自我复制细胞器载体。
