Neurorestoration Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Expert Rev Neurother. 2022 Aug;22(8):655-667. doi: 10.1080/14737175.2022.2115359.
The significance of the spinal cord in controlling postural and locomotor functions largely reemerged in the mid-1970s under the leadership of Sten Grillner, demonstrating key phenomena of 'central pattern generation' and 'fictive locomotion' with an evolutionary perspective. These concepts raised the question of how much function can be recovered after paralysis, given the intrinsic automaticity of spinal networks in injured and uninjured states in adults.
This review explores biological mechanisms governing spinal control of movements such as posture and locomotion. We focus on concepts that have evolved from experiments performed over the past decade. Rather than a comprehensive review of the vast literature on the neural control of posture and locomotion, we focus on the various mechanisms underlying functional automaticity, and their clinical relevance.
We propose that multiple combinations of sensory mechanoreceptors linked to proprioception that generate an infinite number of different sensory ensembles, having species-specific meaning and extensive influence in controlling posture and locomotion. These sensory ensembles are translated as a probabilistic phenomenon into highly specific but indeterminate actions. Therefore, we opine that spinal translation of these ensembles in real-time plays a central role in the automaticity of motor control in individuals with and without severe neuromotor dysfunction.
在 Sten·格里林（Sten Grillner）的领导下，脊髓在控制姿势和运动功能方面的重要性在 20 世纪 70 年代中期重新凸显，展示了具有进化视角的“中枢模式发生器”和“虚拟运动”等关键现象。这些概念提出了一个问题，即在成人受伤和未受伤状态下，脊髓网络具有内在的自动性，那么在瘫痪后能恢复多少功能。
本文探讨了支配姿势和运动等运动的脊髓控制的生物学机制。我们专注于过去十年中进行的实验所产生的概念。我们不是对姿势和运动的神经控制的大量文献进行全面回顾，而是专注于功能自动性的各种机制及其临床相关性。
我们提出，与本体感受相关的多种感觉机械感受器的组合产生无数不同的感觉组合，这些感觉组合具有特定于物种的意义，并对姿势和运动控制有广泛的影响。这些感觉组合作为概率现象被转化为高度特定但不确定的动作。因此，我们认为，这些组合在实时的脊髓翻译在有严重神经运动功能障碍和没有严重神经运动功能障碍的个体的运动控制的自动性中起着核心作用。
