Roles, mechanism of action, and potential applications of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria for environmental bioremediation.

Sulfur (S) is a crucial component in the environment and living organisms. This work is the first attempt to provide an overview and critical discussion on the roles, mechanisms, and environmental applications of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (SOB). The findings reveal that key enzymes of SOB embarked on oxidation of sulfide, sulfite, thiosulfate, and elemental S. Conversion of reduced S compounds was oxidatively catalyzed by various enzymes (e.g. sulfide: quinone oxidoreductase, flavocytochrome c-sulfide dehydrogenase, dissimilatory sulfite reductase, heterodisulfide reductase-like proteins). Environmental applications of SOB discussed include detoxifying hydrogen sulfide, soil bioremediation, and wastewater treatment. SOB producing S engaged in biological S soil amendments (e.g. saline-alkali soil remediation, the oxidation of sulfide-bearing minerals). Biotreatment of HS using SOB occurred under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Sulfide, nitrate, and sulfamethoxazole were removed through SOB suspension cultures and S-based carriers. Finally, this work presented future perspectives on SOB development, including S recovery, SOB enrichment, field measurement and identification of sulfur compounds, and the development of mathematical simulation.