College of Health Science and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Technology University, 518118, Shenzhen, China.
Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, and Otolaryngology Department of the First Affiliated Hospital, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
Chem Soc Rev. 2022 Sep 20;51(18):7732-7751. doi: 10.1039/d1cs01070k.
Two-dimensional (2D) materials have evolved to be a class of rapidly advancing chemical entities in the biomedical field. Nevertheless, potential side effects and safety concerns severely limit their clinical translation. After administration, 2D materials cross multiple biological barriers and are distributed throughout the body. Only the portion that accumulates at the diseased sites exerts a therapeutic effect, whereas those distributed elsewhere may cause damage to healthy tissues and interference to normal physiological function of various organs. To achieve maximum therapeutic efficacy and minimum adverse effects simultaneously, the delivery of 2D materials must be targeted at diseased sites to reach therapeutic concentrations, and the materials must possess sufficient degradation and clearance rates to avoid long-term toxicity. Therefore, it is essential to understand the biodistribution and destiny of 2D materials . In this review, first, we provide a comprehensive picture of the strategies that are currently adopted for regulating the fate of 2D materials, including modulations of their size, surface properties, composition, and external stimuli. Second, we systematically review the biodistribution, degradation, and metabolism of several newly emerged 2D materials. Finally, we also discuss the development opportunities of 2D materials in the biomedical field and the challenges to be addressed.
二维（2D）材料已发展成为生物医学领域中一类快速发展的化学实体。然而，潜在的副作用和安全问题严重限制了它们的临床转化。给药后，2D 材料会穿过多个生物屏障并分布在全身。只有在病变部位积累的部分才会发挥治疗作用，而分布在其他部位的部分可能会对健康组织造成损害，并干扰各种器官的正常生理功能。为了同时实现最大的治疗效果和最小的不良反应，必须将 2D 材料靶向输送到病变部位以达到治疗浓度，并且材料必须具有足够的降解和清除率以避免长期毒性。因此，了解 2D 材料的生物分布和命运至关重要。在这篇综述中，首先，我们全面介绍了目前用于调节 2D 材料命运的策略，包括对其尺寸、表面性质、组成和外部刺激的调节。其次，我们系统地综述了几种新兴 2D 材料的生物分布、降解和代谢情况。最后，我们还讨论了 2D 材料在生物医学领域的发展机遇和需要解决的挑战。
