Department of Epidemiology, Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, NH, USA.
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, OH, USA.
Environ Res. 2022 Dec;215(Pt 1):114205. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114205. Epub 2022 Aug 30.
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are widespread pollutants and classified as potentially carcinogenic to humans. Although consumption of fish, seafood, and their byproducts is a known source of dietary PFAS exposure, little is known about the association between use of fish oil supplements and PFAS. Here, we examine associations between fish oil supplement use and serum PFAS concentrations.
This analysis includes adults, ages 25 years of age and older, surveyed as part of the National Health and Nutrition Examinations Survey (NHANES). Outcomes include five serum PFAS compounds: perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorohexane sulphonic acid (PFHxS) and perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA). To determine the association between fish oil use and log-transformed PFAS concentrations, survey-weighted linear regression was used to estimate multivariate-adjusted ratios between supplement-users' and non-users' geometric mean serum PFAS concentrations.
No association was observed between fish oil use and PFAS. While results did not vary substantially by age, gender, study cycle, there was some indication of a potential inverse association in subgroups of interest. Specifically, an inverse association was observed between fish oil supplement use and PFOS levels in older adults, females, and in early calendar years; an inverse association was also observed between fish oil and PFNA in females and early calendar years.
While fish oil users did not experience increased serum PFAS, there was an unexpected inverse association in some population subgroups. Further research will be needed to better understand whether this pattern reflects true differences, chance, or bias.
全氟和多氟烷基物质（PFAS）是广泛存在的污染物，被归类为对人类潜在致癌物质。尽管食用鱼类、海鲜及其副产品是饮食中 PFAS 暴露的已知来源，但人们对鱼油补充剂与 PFAS 之间的关系知之甚少。在这里，我们研究了鱼油补充剂的使用与血清 PFAS 浓度之间的关系。
本分析包括年龄在 25 岁及以上的成年人，作为国家健康和营养检查调查（NHANES）的一部分进行调查。结果包括五种血清 PFAS 化合物：全氟辛烷磺酸（PFOS）、全氟辛酸（PFOA）、全氟壬酸（PFNA）、全氟己烷磺酸（PFHxS）和全氟癸酸（PFDA）。为了确定鱼油使用与 log 转换的 PFAS 浓度之间的关系，使用调查加权线性回归来估计补充剂使用者和非使用者之间几何平均血清 PFAS 浓度的多变量调整比值。
鱼油使用与 PFAS 之间没有关联。虽然结果在年龄、性别、研究周期方面没有显著差异，但在一些感兴趣的亚组中存在潜在的反比关系的迹象。具体而言，在老年人、女性和早期日历年中，鱼油补充剂的使用与 PFOS 水平之间存在反比关系；在女性和早期日历年中，鱼油与 PFNA 之间也存在反比关系。
虽然鱼油使用者的血清 PFAS 没有增加，但在一些人群亚组中出现了意外的反比关系。需要进一步研究以更好地了解这种模式是否反映了真正的差异、机会还是偏见。
