Beretsou Vasiliki G, Nika Maria-Christina, Manoli Kyriakos, Michael Costas, Sui Qian, Lundy Lian, Revitt D Michael, Thomaidis Nikolaos S, Fatta-Kassinos Despo
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus; Nireas-International Water Research Center, School of Engineering, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus.
Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece.
Sci Total Environ. 2022 Dec 15;852:158391. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158391. Epub 2022 Aug 29.
The occurrence of 200 multiclass contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) encompassing 168 medicinal products and transformation products (TPs), 5 artificial sweeteners, 12 industrial chemicals, and 15 other compounds was investigated in influent and effluent wastewater samples collected during 7 consecutive days from 5 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) located in Cyprus. The methodology included a generic solid-phase extraction protocol using mixed-bed cartridges followed by Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with Quadrupole-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MS) analysis. A total of 63 CECs were detected at least in one sample, with 52 and 55 out of the 200 compounds detected in influents and effluents, respectively. Ten (10) out of the 24 families of parent compounds and associated TPs were found in the wastewater samples (influent or effluent). 1-H-benzotriazole, carbamazepine, citalopram, lamotrigine, sucralose, tramadol, and venlafaxine (>80 % frequency of appearance in effluents) were assessed with respect to their bioavailability in soil as part of different scenarios of irrigation with reclaimed water following a qualitative approach. A high score of 12 (high probability) was predicted for 2 scenarios, a low score of 3 (rare occasions) for 2 scenarios, while the rest 28 scenarios had scores 5-8 (unlikely or limited possibility) and 9-11 (possibly). Retrospective screening was performed with the use of a target database of 2466 compounds and led to the detection of 158 additional compounds (medicinal products (65), medicinal products TPs (15), illicit drugs (7), illicit drugs TPs (3), industrial chemicals (11), plant protection products (25), plant protection products TPs (10), and various other compounds (22). This work aspires to showcase how the presence of CECs in wastewater could be investigated and assessed at WWTP level, including an expert-based methodology for assessing the soil bioavailability of CECs, with the aim to develop sustainable practices and enhance reclaimed water reuse.
对塞浦路斯5座污水处理厂连续7天采集的进水和出水废水样本中出现的200种新兴关注多类污染物（CECs）进行了调查，这些污染物包括168种药品及其转化产物（TPs）、5种人工甜味剂、12种工业化学品和15种其他化合物。该方法包括使用混合床柱的通用固相萃取方案，随后进行超高效液相色谱与四极杆飞行时间质谱（UHPLC-QTOF-MS）分析。至少在一个样本中检测到了63种CECs，进水和出水中分别检测到了200种化合物中的52种和55种。在废水样本（进水或出水）中发现了24种母体化合物及其相关TPs中的10种。作为再生水不同灌溉方案的一部分，采用定性方法评估了1-H-苯并三唑、卡马西平、西酞普兰、拉莫三嗪、三氯蔗糖、曲马多和文拉法辛（在出水中出现频率>80%）在土壤中的生物有效性。预测2种方案得分为12分（高可能性），2种方案得分为3分（罕见情况），其余28种方案得分在5-8分（不太可能或可能性有限）和9-11分（有可能）。使用包含2466种化合物的目标数据库进行了回顾性筛查，结果又检测到了158种其他化合物（药品（65种）、药品TPs（15种）、非法药物（7种）、非法药物TPs（3种）、工业化学品（11种）、植物保护产品（25种）、植物保护产品TPs（10种）以及各种其他化合物（22种））。这项工作旨在展示如何在污水处理厂层面调查和评估废水中CECs的存在情况，包括一种基于专家的评估CECs土壤生物有效性的方法，目的是制定可持续做法并加强再生水回用。
