Zaman Shah, Zahoor Muhammad, Wadood Ali Shah Syed, Ullah Zahid, Ullah Riaz, Alotaibi Amal
Department of Botany, University of Malakand, Chakdara Dir Lower, 18800 KPK, Pakistan.
Department of Botany, Islamia College Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan.
Saudi J Biol Sci. 2022 Oct;29(10):103419. doi: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.103419. Epub 2022 Aug 17.
The light and scanning electron microscopic observations were carried out for anatomical features of leaf, pollens and powder.Microscopic studies provide useful information for identification and authentication of adulteration in . Nutritional analysis of revealed that life fundamental macromolecules such as carbohydrates (49.63 %) crude proteins (13.17 %) and crude fibers (21.06 %) were present in sufficient quantity while crude fats (4.11 %) reported in low quantity. The life essential elements such as Mg (9.472 ± 0.011), Ca (4.152 ± 0.135) and Fe (4.112 ± 0.002) were found in high concentration while heavy metals reported under the safety threshold of WHO. These observations favored an alternative of food.Appreciable quantity of phenolics (17.64 ± 0.574) and flavonoids (7.67 ± 0.069) were found while qualitatively active phytochemicals were reported. The FTIR characterization of crude powder revealed chromatogram in 3328.61 to 408.68 frequency range and 24 characteristic peaks on the basis of which different compounds of biological importance were classified. HPLC-UV technique quantifiedand identified six phenolic compounds morin,epigallocatechin gallate, catechin hydrate,ellagic acid, pyrogallol andrutin. Identification of compounds through GC-MS chromatogram revealed the presence of 46 compounds in methanolic fraction however 17 compounds of biological importance were selected. biological evaluation of for antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic (12.61 ± 0.113 %) and cytotoxic activities (LC = 20 μg/ml) suggested that methanolic fractions exhibited the highest activity as compared to chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions. The MIC values of 10 or 15 mg/ml were recorded for most of the fungal pathogens. Antibacterial activity revealed 3.75 mg/ml of MIC values against and 1.87 mg/ml against and . biological evaluation revealed thatmaximum inhibition was observed for crude extract at 250 mg/kg body weight. The mechanism underlined analgesic responses was carried out which revealed that naloxone (morphine and tramadol antagonist) showed no prominent effect while Glibenclamide pretreatment minutely modified the analgesic action. These observations clearly indicted the absence of opiod receptors and involvement of ATP sensitive potassium channels.
对叶片、花粉和粉末的解剖特征进行了光学和扫描电子显微镜观察。显微镜研究为鉴定和鉴别掺假提供了有用信息。对……的营养分析表明，生命基本大分子如碳水化合物（49.63%）、粗蛋白（13.17%）和粗纤维（21.06%）含量充足，而粗脂肪（4.11%）含量较低。发现生命必需元素如镁（9.472±0.011）、钙（4.152±0.135）和铁（4.112±0.002）浓度较高，而重金属含量低于世界卫生组织的安全阈值。这些观察结果支持……作为一种食物替代品。发现了相当数量的酚类物质（17.64±0.574）和黄酮类化合物（7.67±0.069），同时报告了具有定性活性的植物化学物质。……粗粉的傅里叶变换红外光谱表征显示在3328.61至408.68频率范围内的色谱图和24个特征峰，据此对不同的具有生物学重要性的化合物进行了分类。高效液相色谱-紫外技术定量并鉴定了六种酚类化合物：桑色素、表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯、儿茶素水合物、鞣花酸、连苯三酚和芦丁。通过气相色谱-质谱色谱图鉴定化合物表明，甲醇提取物中存在46种化合物，然而选择了17种具有生物学重要性的化合物。对……进行的抗氧化、抗菌、抗糖尿病（12.61±0.113%）和细胞毒性活性的生物学评价表明，与氯仿和乙酸乙酯提取物相比，甲醇提取物表现出最高的活性。大多数真菌病原体的最低抑菌浓度值记录为10或15毫克/毫升。抗菌活性显示对……的最低抑菌浓度值为3.75毫克/毫升，对……和……的最低抑菌浓度值为1.87毫克/毫升。生物学评价表明，在250毫克/千克体重时，粗提物观察到最大抑制作用。对镇痛反应的潜在机制进行了研究，结果表明纳洛酮（吗啡和曲马多拮抗剂）没有显著作用，而格列本脲预处理对镇痛作用有微小改变。这些观察结果清楚地表明不存在阿片受体，且涉及ATP敏感性钾通道。
