Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India.
Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University, Kochi, Kerala, India.
J Cell Physiol. 2022 Nov;237(11):4021-4036. doi: 10.1002/jcp.30867. Epub 2022 Sep 5.
Extracellular vehicles (EVs) are nanoscale lipid bilayer vesicles that carry biologically active biomolecule cargos like proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids (DNA, RNA) outside of the cell. Blood (serum/plasma), urine, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid are all examples of biofluids from which they may be collected. EVs play a vital role in intracellular communication. The molecular signature of EVs largely depends on the parental cell's status. EVs are classified into two groups, (1) exosomes (originated by endogenous route) and (2) microvesicles (originated from the plasma membrane, also known as ectosomes). The quantity and types of EV cargo vary during normal conditions compared to pathological conditions (chronic inflammatory lung diseases or lung cancer). Consequently, EVs contain novel biomarkers that differ based on the cell type of origin and during lung diseases. Small RNAs (e.g., microRNAs) are transported by EVs, which is one of the most rapidly evolving research areas in the field of EVs biology. EV-mediated cargos transport small RNAs that can result in reprograming the target/recipient cells. Multiple chronic inflammatory lung illnesses, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary fibrosis, cystic fibrosis, acute lung injury, and lung cancer, have been demonstrated to be regulated by EV. In this review, we will consolidate the current knowledge and literature on the novel role of EVs and their small RNAs concerning chronic lung diseases (CLDs). Additionally, we will also provide better insight into the clinical and translational impact of mesenchymal stem cells-derived EVs as novel therapeutic agents in treating CLDs.
细胞外囊泡（EVs）是纳米级脂质双层囊泡，可将蛋白质、脂质和核酸（DNA、RNA）等具有生物活性的生物分子货物带出细胞外。它们可以从血液（血清/血浆）、尿液和支气管肺泡灌洗液等生物流体中收集。EVs 在细胞内通讯中发挥着重要作用。EV 的分子特征在很大程度上取决于母细胞的状态。EV 分为两类，（1）外泌体（起源于内源性途径）和（2）微泡（起源于质膜，也称为胞外体）。与病理条件（慢性炎症性肺疾病或肺癌）相比，正常条件下 EV 货物的数量和类型有所不同。因此，EV 包含基于起源细胞类型和肺部疾病而有所不同的新型生物标志物。EV 可运输小 RNA（例如 microRNAs），这是 EV 生物学领域中发展最快的研究领域之一。EV 介导的货物运输小 RNA，可导致靶/受体细胞的重新编程。多种慢性炎症性肺疾病，如慢性阻塞性肺疾病、哮喘、肺动脉高压、肺纤维化、囊性纤维化、急性肺损伤和肺癌，已被证明受 EV 调节。在这篇综述中，我们将整合有关 EV 及其小 RNA 在慢性肺部疾病（CLD）方面的新作用的最新知识和文献。此外，我们还将深入了解间充质干细胞衍生的 EV 作为治疗 CLD 的新型治疗剂的临床和转化影响。
