Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, 915 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
Curr Opin Plant Biol. 2022 Oct;69:102291. doi: 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102291. Epub 2022 Sep 2.
Pathogenesis in plant diseases is complex comprising diverse pathogen virulence and plant immune mechanisms. These pathogens cause damaging plant diseases by deploying specialized and generic virulence strategies that are countered by intricate resistance mechanisms. The significant challenges that necrotrophs pose to crop production are predicted to increase with climate change. Immunity to biotrophs and hemibiotrophs is dominated by intracellular receptors that recognize specific effectors and activate resistance. These mechanisms play only minor roles in resistance to necrotrophs. Pathogen- or host-derived conserved pattern molecules trigger immune responses that broadly contribute to plant immunity. However, certain pathogen or host-derived immune elicitors are enriched by the virulence activities of necrotrophs. Different plant hormones modulate systemic resistance and cell death that have differential impacts on resistance to pathogens of different lifestyles. Knowledge of mechanisms that contribute to resistance to necrotrophs has expanded. Besides toxins and cell wall degrading enzymes that dominate the pathogenesis of necrotrophs, other effectors with subtle contributions are being identified.
植物病害的发病机制复杂，包含多种病原体的毒性和植物的免疫机制。这些病原体通过部署专门和通用的毒性策略对植物造成损害，而植物则通过复杂的抗性机制来对抗这些策略。预计气候变化将增加对作物生产造成严重威胁的坏死营养生物的数量。对生物营养生物和半生物营养生物的免疫主要由识别特定效应子并激活抗性的细胞内受体主导。这些机制在抵抗坏死营养生物方面只起次要作用。病原体或宿主来源的保守模式分子触发免疫反应，为植物免疫做出广泛贡献。然而，某些病原体或宿主来源的免疫激发子被坏死营养生物的毒性活动所富集。不同的植物激素调节系统抗性和细胞死亡，对不同生活方式的病原体的抗性有不同的影响。对有助于抵抗坏死营养生物的机制的了解已经扩大。除了在坏死营养生物发病机制中占主导地位的毒素和细胞壁降解酶外，还在鉴定其他具有微妙贡献的效应子。
