Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Jharkhand, Ranchi, 834004, India.
Mol Biol Rep. 2024 Mar 6;51(1):392. doi: 10.1007/s11033-024-09314-x.
Pathogenic fungi and their spores are ubiquitously present and invade the tissues of higher living plants causing pathogenesis and inevitably death or retarded growth. A group of fungi kills its hosts and consume the dead tissues (necrotrophs), while others feed on living tissue (biotrophs) or combination of two (hemibiotrophs). A number of virulent factors is used by fungal pathogens to inhabit new hosts and cause illness. Fungal pathogens develop specialized structures for complete invasion into plant organs to regulate pathogenic growth. Virulence factors like effectors, mycotoxins, cell wall degrading enzymes and organic acids have varied roles depending on the infection strategy and assist the pathogens to possess control on living tissues of the plants. Infection strategies employed by fungi generally masks the plant defense mechanism, however necrotrophs are best known to harm plant tissues with their poisonous secretion. Interestingly, the effector chemicals released by Biotrophs reduce plant cell growth and regulate plant metabolism in their advantage causing no direct death. All these virulence tools cause huge loss to the agricultural product of pre- harvest crops and post-harvest yields causing low output leading to huge economic losses. This review focusses on comprehensive study of range of virulence factors of the pathogenic fungi responsible for their invasion inside the healthy tissues of plants. The compiled information would influence researchers to design antidote against all virulence factors of fungi relevant to their area of research which could pave way for protection against plant pathogenesis.
致病真菌及其孢子无处不在，它们会侵入高等植物的组织，导致发病，并不可避免地导致植物死亡或生长受阻。有一群真菌会杀死其宿主并消耗死亡组织（坏死营养型），而另一些真菌则以活组织为食（活体营养型）或两者兼而有之（半活体营养型）。许多致病真菌利用多种毒力因子来定植新宿主并引发疾病。真菌病原体形成专门的结构来完全侵入植物器官，以调节致病生长。毒力因子如效应子、真菌毒素、细胞壁降解酶和有机酸根据感染策略发挥不同的作用，并帮助病原体对植物的活组织进行控制。真菌通常采用的感染策略掩盖了植物的防御机制，但坏死营养型真菌以其有毒分泌物对植物组织造成损害而最为人所知。有趣的是，活体营养型释放的效应化学物质会降低植物细胞的生长并调节植物代谢，使其处于优势地位，而不会直接导致植物死亡。所有这些毒力工具都会导致收获前作物和收获后农产品的巨大损失，导致产量下降，从而造成巨大的经济损失。本综述重点研究了致病真菌的一系列毒力因子，这些因子使其能够侵入植物的健康组织。这些综合信息将影响研究人员设计针对与他们研究领域相关的所有真菌毒力因子的解毒剂，为植物病理学的防治铺平道路。
