Hartung Franziska, Esser-von Bieren Julia
Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, 80802, Munich, Germany.
Mucosal Immunol. 2022 Jun;15(6):1158-1169. doi: 10.1038/s41385-022-00557-0. Epub 2022 Sep 5.
Immunological memory of innate immune cells, also termed "trained immunity", allows for cross-protection against distinct pathogens, but may also drive chronic inflammation. Recent studies have shown that memory responses associated with type 2 immunity do not solely rely on adaptive immune cells, such as T- and B cells, but also involve the innate immune system and epithelial cells. Memory responses have been described for monocytes, macrophages and airway epithelial cells of asthmatic patients as well as for macrophages and group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) from allergen-sensitized or helminth-infected mice. The metabolic and epigenetic mechanisms that mediate allergen- or helminth-induced reprogramming of innate immune cells are only beginning to be uncovered. Trained immunity has been implicated in helminth-driven immune regulation and allergen-specific immunotherapy, suggesting its exploitation in future therapies. Here, we discuss recent advances and key remaining questions regarding the mechanisms and functions of trained type 2 immunity in infection and inflammation.
固有免疫细胞的免疫记忆，也称为“训练有素的免疫”，可实现针对不同病原体的交叉保护，但也可能引发慢性炎症。最近的研究表明，与2型免疫相关的记忆反应不仅依赖于适应性免疫细胞，如T细胞和B细胞，还涉及固有免疫系统和上皮细胞。已在哮喘患者的单核细胞、巨噬细胞和气道上皮细胞以及来自过敏原致敏或蠕虫感染小鼠的巨噬细胞和2型固有淋巴细胞（ILC2）中描述了记忆反应。介导过敏原或蠕虫诱导的固有免疫细胞重编程的代谢和表观遗传机制才刚刚开始被揭示。训练有素的免疫与蠕虫驱动的免疫调节和过敏原特异性免疫疗法有关，表明其在未来治疗中的应用。在这里，我们讨论了关于训练有素的2型免疫在感染和炎症中的机制和功能的最新进展以及仍然存在的关键问题。
