Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 15, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland; Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 24, CH-3008, Bern, Switzerland.
Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 15, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland; Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 24, CH-3008, Bern, Switzerland; Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Mittelstrasse 43, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland.
Prog Retin Eye Res. 2023 Jan;92:101117. doi: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2022.101117. Epub 2022 Sep 6.
The gut microbiome is a complex ecosystem of microorganisms and their genetic entities colonizing the gastrointestinal tract. When in balanced composition, the gut microbiome is in symbiotic interaction with its host and maintains intestinal homeostasis. It is involved in essential functions such as nutrient metabolism, inhibition of pathogens and regulation of immune function. Through translocation of microbes and their metabolites along the epithelial barrier, microbial dysbiosis induces systemic inflammation that may lead to tissue destruction and promote the onset of various diseases. Using whole-metagenome shotgun sequencing, several studies have shown that the composition and associated functional capacities of the gut microbiome are associated with age-related macular degeneration, retinal artery occlusion, central serous chorioretinopathy and uveitis. In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge about the gut microbiome in eye diseases, with a focus on interactions between the microbiome, specific microbial-derived metabolites and the immune system. We explain how these interactions may be involved in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration, retinal artery occlusion, central serous chorioretinopathy and uveitis and guide the development of new therapeutic approaches by microbiome-altering interventions for these diseases.
肠道微生物组是定植于胃肠道的微生物及其遗传实体的复杂生态系统。当组成平衡时，肠道微生物组与宿主处于共生相互作用，并维持肠道内环境稳态。它参与了许多重要的功能，如营养代谢、抑制病原体和调节免疫功能。通过微生物及其代谢物沿着上皮屏障的易位，微生物失调会引起全身炎症，可能导致组织破坏，并促进各种疾病的发生。通过全宏基因组鸟枪法测序，多项研究表明，肠道微生物组的组成和相关功能能力与年龄相关性黄斑变性、视网膜动脉阻塞、中心性浆液性脉络膜视网膜病变和葡萄膜炎有关。在这篇综述中，我们概述了肠道微生物组在眼部疾病中的现有知识，重点介绍了微生物组、特定微生物衍生代谢物和免疫系统之间的相互作用。我们解释了这些相互作用如何参与年龄相关性黄斑变性、视网膜动脉阻塞、中心性浆液性脉络膜视网膜病变和葡萄膜炎的发病机制，并指导通过微生物组改变干预这些疾病的新治疗方法的发展。
