School of Transportation and Logistics, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China.
Center of Excellence in Trauma and Accidents, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Aug 24;19(17):10526. doi: 10.3390/ijerph191710526.
Not wearing a helmet, not properly strapping the helmet on, or wearing a substandard helmet increases the risk of fatalities and injuries in motorcycle crashes. This research examines the differences in motorcycle crash injury severity considering crashes involving the compliance with and defiance of helmet use by motorcycle riders and highlights the temporal variation in their impact. Three-year (2017-2019) motorcycle crash data were collected from RESCUE 1122, a provincial emergency response service for Rawalpindi, Pakistan. The available crash data include crash-specific information, vehicle, driver, spatial and temporal characteristics, roadway features, and traffic volume, which influence the motorcyclist's injury severity. A random parameters logit model with heterogeneity in means and variances was evaluated to predict critical contributory factors in helmet-wearing and non-helmet-wearing motorcyclist crashes. Model estimates suggest significant variations in the impact of explanatory variables on motorcyclists' injury severity in the case of compliance with and defiance of helmet use. For helmet-wearing motorcyclists, key factors significantly associated with increasingly severe injury and fatal injuries include young riders (below 20 years of age), female pillion riders, collisions with another motorcycle, large trucks, passenger car, drivers aged 50 years and above, and drivers being distracted while driving. In contrast, for non-helmet-wearing motorcyclists, the significant factors responsible for severe injuries and fatalities were distracted driving, the collision of two motorcycles, crashes at U-turns, weekday crashes, and drivers above 50 years of age. The impact of parameters that predict motorcyclist injury severity was found to vary dramatically over time, exhibiting statistically significant temporal instability. The results of this study can serve as potential motorcycle safety guidelines for all relevant stakeholders to improve the state of motorcycle safety in the country.
不戴头盔、未正确系好头盔或佩戴不合格头盔会增加摩托车事故中死亡和受伤的风险。本研究考察了考虑到摩托车骑手遵守和违反头盔使用规定的情况下，摩托车事故伤害严重程度的差异，并强调了其影响的时间变化。从巴基斯坦拉瓦尔品第省的省级应急响应服务 RESCUE 1122 收集了三年（2017-2019 年）的摩托车事故数据。可用的事故数据包括与事故相关的信息、车辆、驾驶员、空间和时间特征、道路特征以及影响摩托车手伤害严重程度的交通量。评估了具有均值和方差异质性的随机参数对数模型，以预测头盔佩戴和不佩戴的摩托车手事故中关键促成因素。模型估计表明，在遵守和违反头盔使用规定的情况下，解释变量对摩托车手伤害严重程度的影响存在显著差异。对于佩戴头盔的摩托车手，与伤害程度加重和致命伤害显著相关的关键因素包括年轻骑手（20 岁以下）、女性后座乘客、与另一辆摩托车碰撞、大型卡车、乘用车、50 岁以上的驾驶员以及开车时分心的驾驶员。相比之下，对于不佩戴头盔的摩托车手，导致严重伤害和致命伤害的显著因素是分心驾驶、两辆摩托车碰撞、掉头处发生事故、工作日发生事故以及 50 岁以上的驾驶员。预测摩托车手伤害严重程度的参数的影响随着时间的推移而发生巨大变化，表现出统计学上显著的时间不稳定性。本研究的结果可以作为潜在的摩托车安全指南，为所有相关利益相关者提供改进该国摩托车安全状况的依据。
