Health Survey and Health Promotion Centre, National Institute of Public Health, Trubarjeva Cesta 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
Nutrition Institute, Tržaška Cesta 40, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
Nutrients. 2022 Sep 1;14(17):3618. doi: 10.3390/nu14173618.
Incomparable and insufficiently detailed information on dietary intakes are common challenges associated with dietary assessment methods. Being a European Union country, Slovenia is expected to conduct national food consumption studies in line with harmonised EU Menu methodology. The present study aimed to describe the methodology and protocols in the Slovenian nationally representative dietary survey SI.Menu 2017/18, and to assess population dietary habits with respect to food consumption and energy and macronutrient intakes. While the study targeted various population groups, this report is focused on adults. A representative sample of participants was randomly selected from the Central Register of Population according to sex, age classes and place of residency, following a two-stage stratified sampling procedure. Information on food consumption was collected with two non-consecutive 24-h dietary recalls using a web-based Open Platform for Clinical Nutrition (OPEN) software. Data were complemented with a food propensity questionnaire to adjust for usual intake distribution. Altogether, 364 adults (18-64 years) and 416 elderlies (65-74 years) were included in the data analyses. Study results highlighted that observed dietary patterns notably differ from food-based dietary guidelines. Typical diets are unbalanced due to high amounts of consumed meat and meat products, foods high in sugar, fat and salt, and low intake of fruits and vegetables and milk and dairy products. Consequently, the energy proportion of carbohydrates, proteins, and to some extent, free sugars and total fats, as well as intake of dietary fibre and total water deviates from the reference values. Age and sex were significantly marked by differences in dietary intakes, with particularly unfavourable trends in adults and men. Study results call for adoption of prevention and public health intervention strategies to improve dietary patterns, taking into account population group differences. In addition, all developed protocols and tools will be useful for further data collection, supporting regular dietary monitoring systems and trend analyses.
饮食摄入量的信息不可比且不够详细是与饮食评估方法相关的常见挑战。作为欧盟成员国，斯洛文尼亚预计将按照协调一致的欧盟菜单方法开展国家食品消费研究。本研究旨在描述 2017/18 年斯洛文尼亚全国代表性饮食调查 SI.Menu 的方法和方案，并评估人口的饮食习惯，包括食物消费以及能量和宏量营养素摄入量。虽然该研究针对各种人群，但本报告侧重于成年人。根据性别、年龄组和居住地，通过两阶段分层抽样程序，从中央人口登记册中随机选择有代表性的参与者样本。使用基于网络的临床营养开放式平台（OPEN）软件收集两次非连续 24 小时饮食回忆的食物消费信息。数据通过食物倾向问卷进行补充，以调整常规摄入量分布。共有 364 名成年人（18-64 岁）和 416 名老年人（65-74 岁）纳入数据分析。研究结果表明，观察到的饮食模式与基于食物的饮食指南明显不同。由于食用大量的肉类和肉类产品、高糖、高脂肪和高盐食品，以及水果、蔬菜、牛奶和奶制品摄入量低，典型饮食是不平衡的。因此，碳水化合物、蛋白质以及在一定程度上游离糖和总脂肪的能量比例以及膳食纤维和总水分的摄入量与参考值不同。年龄和性别在饮食摄入方面存在显著差异，成年人和男性的趋势尤为不利。研究结果呼吁采取预防和公共卫生干预策略来改善饮食模式，同时考虑到人群差异。此外，所有开发的协议和工具都将有助于进一步的数据收集，支持定期的饮食监测系统和趋势分析。
