Johnson E S, Meade A C
Child Dev. 1987 Jun;58(3):725-40. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1987.tb01413.x.
Over 1,800 public school students (grades K-12, ages 6-18) took a battery of 7 spatial tests tailored to their respective developmental levels. Analyses of resulting data indicate that it is feasible to measure spatial ability throughout this developmental range with modified versions of adult paper-and-pencil tests, that a male advantage in spatial performance appears reliably by age 10, and that the magnitude of the advantage remains constant through age 18. Analysis of covariance suggests that an early female precocity in language skills may mask a male advantage in spatial ability during the primary school years. There is no indication of a sex difference in kindergarten children.
1800多名公立学校学生（幼儿园至12年级，6至18岁）参加了一系列根据他们各自发育水平量身定制的7项空间测试。对所得数据的分析表明，使用成人纸笔测试的修改版本在整个发育范围内测量空间能力是可行的；到10岁时，男性在空间表现方面的优势就可靠地显现出来，并且这种优势的程度在18岁之前保持不变。协方差分析表明，女性在语言技能方面的早期早熟可能会掩盖小学阶段男性在空间能力方面的优势。在幼儿园儿童中没有性别差异的迹象。
