Inácio Miguel, Gomes Eduardo, Bogdzevič Katažyna, Kalinauskas Marius, Zhao Wenwu, Pereira Paulo
Environmental Management Laboratory, Mykolas Romeris University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
Environmental Management Laboratory, Mykolas Romeris University, Vilnius, Lithuania; Centre for Geographical Studies, Institute of Geography and Spatial Planning, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Associated Laboratory TERRA, Lithuania.
J Environ Manage. 2022 Dec 1;323:116175. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116175. Epub 2022 Sep 8.
Coastal recreation as a cultural ecosystem service (CES) is key to human wellbeing. However, anthropogenic impacts at the coast affect CES supply. Mapping and assessing CES can help achieve better coastal planning and management of the coast. Quantitative approaches for assessing and mapping CES are lacking, especially in coastal areas. We develop three quantitative models to assess and map coastal recreation CES supply, flow, and demand. We applied the developed models in the coastal region of Lithuania. The coastal recreation CES supply model comprises natural (e.g., naturalness) and cultural (e.g., points of interest) components. The input variables were (1) analysed for multicollinearity, (2) normalised and (3) overlayed using ArcGIS 10.8. An online survey was undertaken to assess and map CES flow and demand based on locations chosen by respondents where they perform recreation at the coast and the number of activities performed when visiting the coast. The coastal recreation CES supply model results showed that natural recreation is close to the coastline, forest areas, waterlines, and protected areas, while cultural recreation is highest in coastal urban areas. The supply model was validated (r = 0.11) based on the respondents' chosen coastal locations for recreation. The low validation allowed us to identify the mismatch between model results and respondents' preferences occurring in Klaipėda urban area. When removing respondents' points in Klaipeda urban area, the model validation increased (r = 0.36). CES flow results highlighted Palanga, Šventoji, and Nida as the prime coastal recreation locations. The results of CES demand show that respondents living in municipalities near the coastline (Baltic Sea and Curonian Lagoon) perform fewer activities when visiting the coast. For other municipalities, a demand pattern was not observed. Our results yielded important spatial information that can be useful for planners and decision-makers in the context of coastal management.
沿海休闲作为一种文化生态系统服务（CES），对人类福祉至关重要。然而，海岸地区的人为影响会影响CES的供给。绘制和评估CES有助于实现更好的海岸规划和海岸管理。目前缺乏评估和绘制CES的定量方法，尤其是在沿海地区。我们开发了三个定量模型来评估和绘制沿海休闲CES的供给、流动和需求。我们在立陶宛沿海地区应用了所开发的模型。沿海休闲CES供给模型包括自然（如自然度）和文化（如景点）成分。对输入变量进行了以下处理：（1）分析多重共线性，（2）标准化，（3）使用ArcGIS 10.8进行叠加。开展了一项在线调查，以根据受访者选择的在海岸进行休闲活动的地点以及访问海岸时进行的活动数量来评估和绘制CES流动和需求情况。沿海休闲CES供给模型的结果表明，自然休闲活动靠近海岸线、森林地区、水线和保护区，而文化休闲活动在沿海城市地区最为集中。基于受访者选择的沿海休闲地点对供给模型进行了验证（r = 0.11）。验证度较低，这使我们能够识别在克莱佩达市区模型结果与受访者偏好之间存在的不匹配情况。去除克莱佩达市区受访者的点后，模型验证度提高（r = 0.36）。CES流动结果突出显示帕兰加、什温托伊和尼达是主要的沿海休闲地点。CES需求结果表明，居住在靠近海岸线（波罗的海和库尔斯沙嘴泻湖）市镇的受访者在访问海岸时进行的活动较少。对于其他市镇，未观察到需求模式。我们的结果产生了重要的空间信息，这对于海岸管理背景下的规划者和决策者可能有用。
