Natural Resources Institute Finland, Latokartanonkaari 9, 00790, Helsinki, Finland.
Kiel Institute for the World Economy, Kiellinie 66, 24105, Kiel, Germany.
Ambio. 2019 Nov;48(11):1350-1361. doi: 10.1007/s13280-019-01239-1. Epub 2019 Aug 31.
This paper applies the concept of cultural ecosystem services (CES) to reveal the diverse benefits the Baltic Sea provides to human well-being. The study identifies and defines relevant CES for marine and coastal environments and applies them in a survey with 4800 respondents from Germany, Finland and Latvia. The relative importance of various CES was determined by asking respondents to allocate 100 points between CES related to recreation, landscape, inspiration, learning and education, spiritual experiences and belonging, historically and culturally important places and the existence of habitats. The results reveal significant differences in the importance of various CES across countries, users and nonusers of the Baltic Sea, as well as respondents with different human-nature relationships. The results emphasize the importance of considering recreation, landscapes and habitats in conservation policies, while acknowledging that all CES are perceived as important by some population groups.
本文应用文化生态系统服务（CES）的概念，揭示了波罗的海为人类福祉提供的多种益处。本研究确定并定义了海洋和沿海环境相关的 CES，并在一项调查中对来自德国、芬兰和拉脱维亚的 4800 名受访者进行了应用。通过要求受访者在与娱乐、景观、灵感、学习和教育、精神体验和归属感、历史和文化重要场所以及栖息地存在相关的 CES 之间分配 100 分，确定了各种 CES 的相对重要性。研究结果表明，不同国家、波罗的海的使用者和非使用者以及对人与自然关系不同看法的受访者对各种 CES 的重视程度存在显著差异。研究结果强调了在保护政策中考虑娱乐、景观和栖息地的重要性，同时承认某些人群认为所有 CES 都很重要。
