inhibits quorum-sensing mechanisms of soft rot pathogen RCE to regulate its virulence factors and biofilm formation.

The quorum-sensing (QS) cascade is responsible for the colonization and phenotypic behavior of the pathogenic organism and the regulation of diverse signal molecules. The disruption of the quorum-sensing system is an effective strategy to overcome the possibility of antibiotic resistance development in the pathogen. The quorum quenching does not kill the microbes. Instead, it hinders the expression of pathogenic traits. In the present experiment, RKC1 was used to extract the metabolites responsible for quorum-sensing inhibition in soft rot pathogen RCE. During the initial screening, RKC1 was found to be most promising and inhibits violacein of MTCC2656 pyocyanin, swarming-swimming motility of MTCC2297. The characterization of metabolites produced by the microbes which are responsible for quorum-sensing inhibition through GC-MS is very scarce in scientific literature. The ethyl acetate extract of RKC1 inhibits biofilm formation of RCE while inhibiting growth at higher concentrations. The GC-MS analysis suggested that Cyclic dipeptides (CDPs) such as Cyclo (L-prolyl-L-valine), Cyclo (Pro-Leu), and Cyclo(D-phenylalanyl-L-prolyl) were predominantly found in the ethyl acetate extract of the RKC1 (93.72%). This diketopiperazine (DKPs) exhibited quorum-sensing inhibition against the pathogen in liquid media during the active growth phase and regulated diverse metabolites of the pathogen. Moreover, the metabolites data from the clear zone around wells showed a higher concentration of DKSs (9.66%) compared to other metabolites. So far, very few reports indicate the role of DKPs or CDPs in inhibiting the quorum-sensing system in plant pathogenic bacteria. This is one such report that exploits metabolites of RKC1. The present investigation provided evidence to use quorum-sensing inhibitor metabolites, to suppress microbes' pathogenesis and thus develop an innovative strategy to overcome antibiotic resistance.