Department of Agroecology and Environment, Agroscope, 8046 Zurich, Switzerland.
Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland.
Environ Sci Technol. 2022 Oct 4;56(19):13686-13695. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02413. Epub 2022 Sep 13.
The intensive use of pesticides and their subsequent distribution to the environment and non-target organisms is of increasing concern. So far, little is known about the occurrence of pesticides in soils of untreated areas─such as ecological refuges─as well as the processes contributing to this unwanted pesticide contamination. In this study, we analyzed the presence and abundance of 46 different pesticides in soils from extensively managed grassland sites, as well as organically and conventionally managed vegetable fields (60 fields in total). Pesticides were found in all soils, including the extensive grassland sites, demonstrating a widespread background contamination of soils with pesticides. The results suggest that after conversion from conventional to organic farming, the organic fields reach pesticide levels as low as those of grassland sites not until 20 years later. Furthermore, the different pesticide composition patterns in grassland sites and organically managed fields facilitated differentiation between long-term persistence of residues and diffuse contamination processes, that is, short-scale redistribution (spray drift) and long-scale dispersion (atmospheric deposition), to offsite contamination.
农药的大量使用及其随后向环境和非目标生物的分布引起了越来越多的关注。到目前为止，人们对未处理区域（如生态保护区）土壤中农药的发生情况以及导致这种非预期农药污染的过程知之甚少。在这项研究中，我们分析了来自广泛管理的草地和有机及常规管理的蔬菜地（共 60 个地块）土壤中 46 种不同农药的存在和丰度。所有土壤中均发现了农药，包括广泛的草地，这表明土壤中普遍存在农药的背景污染。结果表明，从常规农业向有机农业转变后，有机农田需要 20 年才能达到与未受干扰的草地相似的低农药水平。此外，草地和有机管理农田中不同的农药组成模式有助于区分残留的长期持久性和扩散污染过程，即短距离再分布（喷雾漂移）和长距离扩散（大气沉积）导致的场外污染。
