Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Regenerative Medicine Group (REMED), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
J Adv Res. 2022 Sep;40:69-94. doi: 10.1016/j.jare.2021.12.012. Epub 2021 Dec 28.
Tissue engineering (TE) is the main approach for stimulating the body's mechanisms to regenerate damaged or diseased organs. Bone and cartilage tissues due to high susceptibility to trauma, tumors, and age-related disease exposures are often need for reconstruction. Investigation on the development and applications of the novel biomaterials and methods in bone tissue engineering (BTE) is of great importance to meet emerging today's life requirements.
Biphasic calcium phosphates (BCPs) offer a chemically similar biomaterial to the natural bone, which can significantly promote cell proliferation and differentiation and accelerate bone formation and reconstruction. Recent advancements in the bone scaffold fabrication have led to employing additive manufacturing (AM) methods. Extrusion-based 3D printing, known also as robocasting method, is one of the extensively used AM techniques in BTE applications. This review discusses materials and methods utilized for BCP robocasting.
Recent advancements and existing challenges in the use of additives for bioink preparation are critically discussed. Commercialization and marketing approach, post-processing steps, clinical applications, in-vitro and in-vivo evaluations beside the biological responses are also reviewed. Finally, possible strategies and opportunities for the use of BCP toward injured bone regeneration are discussed.
组织工程（TE）是刺激机体再生受损或患病器官的主要方法。由于易受创伤、肿瘤和与年龄相关的疾病暴露的影响，骨和软骨组织通常需要重建。研究新型生物材料和方法在骨组织工程（BTE）中的开发和应用对于满足当今新兴的生活需求非常重要。
双相钙磷（BCP）为类似于天然骨的化学物质，可显著促进细胞增殖和分化，加速骨形成和重建。骨支架制造的最新进展导致采用增材制造（AM）方法。基于挤出的 3D 打印，也称为机器人铸造方法，是 BTE 应用中广泛使用的 AM 技术之一。本综述讨论了用于 BCP 机器人铸造的材料和方法。
本文批判性地讨论了添加剂在生物墨水制备中的最新进展和现有挑战。还回顾了商业化和营销方法、后处理步骤、临床应用、体外和体内评估以及生物反应。最后，讨论了使用 BCP 促进受损骨再生的可能策略和机会。
