3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal.
ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, 4805-017, Portugal.
J Mater Sci Mater Med. 2019 Mar 6;30(3):32. doi: 10.1007/s10856-019-6234-x.
In the last few years, additive manufacturing (AM) has been gaining great interest in the fabrication of complex structures for soft-to-hard tissues regeneration, with tailored porosity, and boosted structural, mechanical, and biological properties. 3D printing is one of the most known AM techniques in the field of biofabrication of tissues and organs. This technique opened up opportunities over the conventional ones, with the capability of creating replicable, customized, and functional structures that can ultimately promote effectively different tissues regeneration. The uppermost component of 3D printing is the bioink, i.e. a mixture of biomaterials that can also been laden with different cell types, and bioactive molecules. Important factors of the fabrication process include printing fidelity, stability, time, shear-thinning properties, mechanical strength and elasticity, as well as cell encapsulation and cell-compatible conditions. Collagen-based materials have been recognized as a promising choice to accomplish an ideal mimetic bioink for regeneration of several tissues with high cell-activating properties. This review presents the state-of-art of the current achievements on 3D printing using collagen-based materials for hard tissue engineering, particularly on the development of scaffolds for bone and cartilage repair/regeneration. The ultimate aim is to shed light on the requirements to successfully print collagen-based inks and the most relevant properties exhibited by the so fabricated scaffolds. In this regard, the adequate bioprinting parameters are addressed, as well as the main materials properties, namely physicochemical and mechanical properties, cell compatibility and commercial availability, covering hydrogels, microcarriers and decellularized matrix components. Furthermore, the fabrication of these bioinks with and without cells used in inkjet printing, laser-assisted printing, and direct in writing technologies are also overviewed. Finally, some future perspectives of novel bioinks are given.
在过去的几年中，增材制造（AM）在制造用于软组织到硬组织再生的复杂结构方面引起了极大的兴趣，具有定制的多孔性，并提高了结构、机械和生物学性能。3D 打印是组织和器官生物制造领域中最知名的 AM 技术之一。与传统方法相比，该技术具有创建可复制、定制和功能结构的能力，最终可以有效地促进不同组织的再生。3D 打印的最主要组件是生物墨水，即可以加载不同细胞类型和生物活性分子的生物材料混合物。制造过程的重要因素包括打印保真度、稳定性、时间、剪切稀化特性、机械强度和弹性，以及细胞包封和细胞相容条件。基于胶原的材料已被认为是实现具有高细胞激活特性的几种组织再生的理想仿生生物墨水的有前途的选择。本综述介绍了使用基于胶原的材料进行硬组织工程 3D 打印的最新进展，特别是用于骨和软骨修复/再生的支架的开发。最终目的是阐明成功打印基于胶原的墨水的要求以及如此制造的支架所表现出的最相关特性。在这方面，解决了适当的生物打印参数以及主要材料特性，即物理化学和机械特性、细胞相容性和商业可用性，涵盖水凝胶、微载体和脱细胞基质成分。此外，还综述了喷墨打印、激光辅助打印和直接写入技术中使用的这些生物墨水（有细胞和无细胞）的制造。最后，给出了一些新型生物墨水的未来展望。
