Professor, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Western Michigan University, Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, 1000 Oakland Drive, Kalamazoo, MI 49008-1284, United States.
Associate Professor, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Chief, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology & Diabetes, Western Michigan University, Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, 1000 Oakland Drive, Kalamazoo, MI 49008-1284, United States.
Dis Mon. 2023 Aug;69(8):101482. doi: 10.1016/j.disamonth.2022.101482. Epub 2022 Sep 11.
Behavioral aspects of organized sports activity for pediatric athletes are considered in a world consumed with winning at all costs. In the first part of this treatise, we deal with a number of themes faced by our children in their sports play. These concepts include the lure of sports, sports attrition, the mental health of pediatric athletes (i.e., effects of stress, anxiety, depression, suicide in athletes, ADHD and stimulants, coping with injuries, drug use, and eating disorders), violence in sports (i.e., concepts of the abused athlete including sexual abuse), dealing with supervisors (i.e., coaches, parents), peers, the talented athlete, early sports specialization and sports clubs. In the second part of this discussion, we cover ergolytic agents consumed by young athletes in attempts to win at all costs. Sports doping agents covered include anabolic steroids (anabolic-androgenic steroids or AAS), androstenedione, dehydroepiandrostenedione (DHEA), human growth hormone (hGH; also its human recombinant homologue: rhGH), clenbuterol, creatine, gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB), amphetamines, caffeine and ephedrine. Also considered are blood doping that includes erythropoietin (EPO) and concepts of gene doping. In the last section of this discussion, we look at disabled pediatric athletes that include such concepts as athletes with spinal cord injuries (SCIs), myelomeningocele, cerebral palsy, wheelchair athletes, and amputee athletes; also covered are pediatric athletes with visual impairment, deafness, and those with intellectual disability including Down syndrome. In addition, concepts of autonomic dysreflexia, boosting and atlantoaxial instability are emphasized. We conclude that clinicians and society should protect our precious pediatric athletes who face many challenges in their involvement with organized sports in a world obsessed with winning. There is much we can do to help our young athletes find benefit from sports play while avoiding or blunting negative consequences of organized sport activities.
在这个一切都以不惜代价取胜为导向的世界里，我们关注儿童运动员参与有组织体育活动的行为方面。在本文的第一部分，我们探讨了孩子们在运动中面临的一些问题。这些问题包括运动的诱惑、运动淘汰、儿科运动员的心理健康（如运动员的压力、焦虑、抑郁、自杀、注意力缺陷多动障碍和兴奋剂、应对伤病、药物使用和饮食失调）、运动中的暴力（如受虐运动员的概念，包括性虐待）、与主管人员（如教练、家长）、同龄人、有天赋的运动员、早期专项化运动和运动俱乐部打交道。在本文的第二部分，我们介绍了年轻运动员为了不惜代价取胜而服用的促力剂。涵盖的运动兴奋剂包括合成代谢类固醇（合成代谢雄激素或 AAS）、雄烯二酮、去氢表雄酮（DHEA）、人生长激素（hGH；也包括其重组同源物：rhGH）、克仑特罗、肌酸、γ-羟基丁酸（GHB）、安非他命、咖啡因和麻黄素。还讨论了血液兴奋剂，包括促红细胞生成素（EPO）和基因兴奋剂的概念。在本文的最后一部分，我们研究了残疾儿科运动员，包括脊髓损伤（SCI）、脊髓脊膜膨出、脑瘫、轮椅运动员和截肢运动员等概念；还涵盖了视力受损、失聪和智障的儿科运动员，包括唐氏综合征患者。此外，强调了自主反射障碍、提升和寰枢椎不稳定的概念。我们得出的结论是，临床医生和社会应该保护我们宝贵的儿科运动员，他们在这个痴迷于胜利的世界中参与有组织的体育活动面临着许多挑战。我们可以做很多事情来帮助我们的年轻运动员从运动中受益，同时避免或减轻有组织的体育活动的负面影响。
