Kochetova Galina V, Avercheva Olga V, Bassarskaya Elizaveta M, Zhigalova Tatiana V
Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory 1-12, 119234 Moscow, Russia.
Biophys Rev. 2022 Jul 26;14(4):779-803. doi: 10.1007/s12551-022-00985-z. eCollection 2022 Aug.
Light provides energy for photosynthesis and also acts as an important environmental signal. During their evolution, plants acquired sophisticated sensory systems for light perception and light-dependent regulation of their growth and development in accordance with the local light environment. Under natural conditions, plants adapted by using their light sensors to finely distinguish direct sunlight and dark in the soil, deep grey shade under the upper soil layer or litter, green shade under the canopy and even lateral green reflectance from neighbours. Light perception also allows plants to evaluate in detail the weather, time of day, day length and thus the season. However, in artificial lighting conditions, plants are confronted with fundamentally different lighting conditions. The advent of new light sources - light-emitting diodes (LEDs), which emit narrow-band light - allows growing plants with light of different spectral bands or their combinations. This sets the task of finding out how light of different quality affects the development and functioning of plants, and in particular, their photosynthetic apparatus (PSA), which is one of the basic processes determining plant yield. In this review, we briefly describe how plants perceive environment light signals by their five families of photoreceptors and by the PSA as a particular light sensor, and how they use this information to form their PSA under artificial narrow-band LED-based lighting of different spectral composition. We consider light regulation of the biosynthesis of photosynthetic pigments, photosynthetic complexes and chloroplast ATP synthase function, PSA photoprotection mechanisms, carbon assimilation reactions and stomatal development and function.
光为光合作用提供能量，同时也是一种重要的环境信号。在进化过程中，植物获得了复杂的感官系统，用于感知光线，并根据当地的光照环境对其生长和发育进行光依赖调节。在自然条件下，植物通过其光传感器进行适应性调节，以精确区分直射阳光、土壤中的黑暗、上层土壤或枯枝落叶下的深灰色阴影、树冠下的绿色阴影，甚至邻居的侧向绿色反射光。光感知还使植物能够详细评估天气、一天中的时间、日长以及季节。然而，在人工照明条件下，植物面临着截然不同的光照条件。新光源——发光二极管（LED）的出现，其发出窄带光，使得可以用不同光谱带或其组合的光来种植植物。这就提出了一个任务，即弄清楚不同质量的光如何影响植物的发育和功能，特别是其光合机构（PSA），而光合机构是决定植物产量的基本过程之一。在这篇综述中，我们简要描述了植物如何通过其五类光感受器以及作为一种特殊光传感器的光合机构来感知环境光信号，以及它们如何在基于不同光谱组成的人工窄带LED照明下利用这些信息来形成其光合机构。我们考虑了光合色素生物合成、光合复合体和叶绿体ATP合酶功能的光调节、光合机构的光保护机制、碳同化反应以及气孔的发育和功能。
