Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, Vienna, 1210, Austria.
University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Agrobiotechnology IFA-Tulln, Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Konrad Lorenz-Strasse 20, 3430, Tulln, Austria.
Environ Pollut. 2023 Jan 1;316(Pt 2):120626. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120626. Epub 2022 Nov 9.
Modern agriculture depends highly on pesticides and pharmaceutical preparations, so controlling exposure to these substances in the feed and food chain is essential. This article presents the first study on residues of a broad spectrum of pesticides and veterinary drugs in the diets of dairy cattle. One hundred and two representative samples of the complete diets, including basal feed rations and additional fed concentrate, were collected in three Austrian provinces (Styria, Lower and Upper Austria) in 2019 and 2020. The samples were tested for >700 pesticides, veterinary drugs and related metabolites using a validated method based on liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS). In total, 16 residues (13 pesticides and three veterinary drug residues) were detected. > 90% of the diets contained pesticide residues and <10% veterinary drug residues, whereas banned pesticides were not found. The most frequent pesticide residues were fluopyram (62%), piperonyl butoxide (39%) and diethyltoluamide (35%). The following pesticides exceed the default EU maximum residue level (MRL) (10 μg kg) for products exclusively used for animal feed production: Benzovindiflupyr (proportion of samples > MRLs: 1%), bixafen (2%), fluopyram (6%), ipconazole (1%) and tebuconazole (3%). Three residues (dinitrocarbanilide, monensin and nicarbazin) of veterinary drugs were identified, all below the MRLs. Over 60% of the evaluated samples contained mixtures of two to six residues/sample. Only one pesticide (diethyltoluamide) presented a significant difference among regions, with higher concentrations in Upper Austria. Brewery's spent grains were the dietary ingredient that showed the strongest correlation to pesticide residues. These findings evidence the realistic scenario of highly occurrent low doses of pesticides cocktails in the feed/food chain, which may affect the animal, human and environmental health. Since the risk assessments are based on single pesticides, the potential synergistic effect of co-occurring chemicals ("cocktail effect") requires further investigations.
现代农业高度依赖农药和兽药制剂，因此控制这些物质在饲料和食物链中的暴露至关重要。本文首次报道了奶牛饲料中广泛的农药和兽药残留的研究结果。2019 年至 2020 年，在奥地利的三个省份（施蒂利亚州、下奥地利州和上奥地利州）采集了 102 个完整饲料的代表性样本，包括基础饲料配给和额外的精饲料。使用基于液相色谱/电喷雾电离串联质谱（LC/ESI-MS/MS）的验证方法对这些样本进行了超过 700 种农药、兽药和相关代谢物的检测。共检测到 16 种残留（13 种农药和 3 种兽药残留）。超过 90%的饲料含有农药残留，<10%的饲料含有兽药残留，且未发现禁用的农药。最常见的农药残留是氟吡呋喃（62%）、增效醚（39%）和邻苯二甲酸二乙酯（35%）。以下农药超过了仅用于动物饲料生产的产品的欧盟默认最大残留限量（MRL）（10μg/kg）：苯并呋氟草酮（超标样品比例>1%）、双苯噁唑酸（2%）、氟吡呋喃（6%）、环丙唑醇（1%）和三唑醇（3%）。鉴定出三种兽药残留（二硝甲酰胺、莫能菌素和尼卡巴嗪），均低于 MRL。超过 60%的评估样本含有 2 至 6 种残留/样本的混合物。只有一种农药（邻苯二甲酸二乙酯）在不同地区存在显著差异，上奥地利州的浓度较高。啤酒糟是与农药残留相关性最强的饲料成分。这些发现表明，在饲料/食物链中存在高频率低剂量的农药混合物的现实情况，这可能会影响动物、人类和环境健康。由于风险评估是基于单一农药进行的，因此需要进一步研究共同存在的化学物质的协同作用（“鸡尾酒效应”）。
