Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Int J Mol Sci. 2022 Sep 6;23(18):10207. doi: 10.3390/ijms231810207.
Short-term post-weaning nutrition can result in long-lasting effects in later life. Partial replacement of glucose by galactose in the post-weaning diet showed direct effects on liver inflammation. Here, we examined this program on body weight, body composition, and insulin sensitivity at the adult age. Three-week-old female C57BL/6JRccHsd mice were fed a diet with glucose plus galactose (GAL; 16 energy% (en%) each) or a control diet with glucose (GLU; 32 en%) for three weeks, and afterward, both groups were given the same high-fat diet (HFD). After five weeks on a HFD, an oral glucose tolerance test was performed. After nine weeks on a HFD, energy metabolism was assessed by indirect calorimetry, and fasted mice were sacrificed fifteen minutes after a glucose bolus, followed by serum and tissue analyses. Body weight and body composition were not different between the post-weaning dietary groups, during the post-weaning period, or the HFD period. Glucose tolerance and energy metabolism in adulthood were not affected by the post-weaning diet. Serum adiponectin concentrations were significantly higher ( = 0.02) in GAL mice while insulin, leptin, and insulin-like growth factor 1 concentrations were not affected. Expression of mRNA was significantly higher in gonadal white adipose tissue (gWAT; = 0.03), while its receptors in the liver and skeletal muscles remained unaffected. expression was significantly lower in skeletal muscles ( = 0.01), but not in gWAT or expression (in both tissues). Gene expressions of inflammatory markers in gWAT and the liver were also not affected. Conclusively, galactose in the post-weaning diet significantly improved circulating adiponectin concentrations and reduced skeletal muscle expression in adulthood without alterations in fat mass, glucose tolerance, and inflammation.
短期断奶后营养会对后期生活产生持久影响。在断奶后的饮食中用半乳糖部分替代葡萄糖会对肝脏炎症产生直接影响。在这里，我们在成年期检查了这种对体重、身体成分和胰岛素敏感性的影响。3 周龄雌性 C57BL/6JRccHsd 小鼠用含葡萄糖和半乳糖的饮食（GAL；各占 16 能量%（en%））或含葡萄糖的对照饮食（GLU；32 en%）喂养 3 周，然后两组都给予相同的高脂肪饮食（HFD）。在 HFD 上 5 周后进行口服葡萄糖耐量试验。在 HFD 上 9 周后，通过间接测热法评估能量代谢，空腹小鼠在葡萄糖冲击后 15 分钟处死，然后进行血清和组织分析。断奶后饮食组之间、断奶后期间或 HFD 期间的体重和身体成分没有差异。葡萄糖耐量和成年期的能量代谢不受断奶后饮食的影响。血清脂联素浓度在 GAL 小鼠中显著升高（ = 0.02），而胰岛素、瘦素和胰岛素样生长因子 1 浓度不受影响。mRNA 在性腺白色脂肪组织（gWAT； = 0.03）中的表达显著升高，而其在肝脏和骨骼肌中的受体不受影响。mRNA 在骨骼肌中的表达显著降低（ = 0.01），但在 gWAT 或 mRNA 表达（在两种组织中）中不受影响。gWAT 和肝脏中的炎症标志物的基因表达也不受影响。总之，断奶后饮食中的半乳糖显著提高了循环脂联素浓度，并降低了成年期骨骼肌的表达，而脂肪量、葡萄糖耐量和炎症没有改变。
