Bouabdallah Salwa, Cianfaglione Kevin, Azzouz Myriam, Batiha Gaber El-Saber, Alkhuriji Afrah Fahad, Al-Megrin Wafa Abdullah I, Ben-Attia Mossadok, Eldahshan Omayma A
Environmental Biomonitoring Laboratory LBE (LR01/ES14), Faculty of Sciences Bizerta, Carthage University, Zarzouna 7021, Tunisia.
University Lorraine, CNRS, LIEC, F-57000 Metz, France.
Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2022 Sep 19;15(9):1163. doi: 10.3390/ph15091163.
Anti-leishmanial drugs extracted from natural sources have not been sufficiently explored in the literature. Until now, leishmaniasis treatments have been limited to synthetic and expensive drugs. This study investigated, for the first time, the anti-leishmanial efficacy of essential oils (EOs) from the leaves of species (, , and ). Essential oils were extracted from three species by solvent free microwave extraction (SFME); in addition, lemon oil was also isolated by hydro-distillation (HD). These were investigated using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and evaluated against species, namely and , using a mitochondrial tetrazolium test (MTT) assay. The chemical compositions of EOs obtained by HD and SFME showed some differences. The identified peaks of (SFME) represented 93.96%, where linalool was the major peak (44.21%), followed by sabinene (14.22%) and ocimene (6.09%). While the hydro-distilled oil of contained geranial (30.08%), limonene (27.09%), and neral (22.87%) in the identified peaks (96.67%). The identified components of leaves oil (68.54%) showed twenty-six compounds, where the predominant compound was geranial (42.40%), followed by neral (26.79%) and limonene (14.48%). However, 89.82% oil was identified, where the major peaks were for neral (27.52%), linalool (25.83%), and geranial (23.44%). HD oil of lemon showed the highest activity against , with moderate toxicity on murine macrophage (RAW 264.7) cells, and possessed the best selectivity index on both species (SI: 3.68; 6.38), followed by oil and using SFME (0.9 ± 0.29, 1.03 ± 0.27, and 1.13 ± 0.3), respectively. oil induced the greatest activity on , followed by HD lemon and SFME lemon oils (0.32 ± 0.18, 0.52 ± 0.15, and 0.57 ± 0.09, respectively) when compared to Amphotericin B (0.80 ± 0.18 and 0.23 ± 0.13) as a positive control, on both species, respectively. Our study suggests a potent anti-leishmanial activity of lemon oil (HD) on , followed by . With the same potency on shown by oil, followed by HD lemon oil. This effect could be attributed to the major compounds of limonene, citral, and neral, as well as the synergistic effect of other different compounds. These observations could be a starting point for the building of new anti-leishmanial drugs from natural origins, and which combine different EOs containing cultivars.
从天然来源提取的抗利什曼原虫药物在文献中尚未得到充分研究。到目前为止，利什曼病的治疗仅限于合成且昂贵的药物。本研究首次调查了三种植物（、和）叶片精油（EOs）的抗利什曼原虫功效。通过无溶剂微波萃取（SFME）从三种植物中提取精油；此外，还通过水蒸馏法（HD）分离出柠檬油。使用气相色谱 - 质谱联用（GC - MS）对其进行研究，并采用线粒体四氮唑盐试验（MTT）对两种利什曼原虫物种（即和）进行评估。通过HD和SFME获得的三种精油的化学成分存在一些差异。通过SFME获得的精油鉴定出的峰占93.96%，其中芳樟醇是主要峰（44.21%），其次是桧烯（14.22%）和罗勒烯（6.09%）。而通过水蒸馏法获得的精油中，鉴定出的峰（96.67%）中含有香叶醛（30.08%）、柠檬烯（27.09%）和橙花醛（22.87%）。鉴定出的叶片精油成分（68.54%）显示有26种化合物，其中主要化合物是香叶醛（42.40%），其次是橙花醛（26.79%）和柠檬烯（14.48%）。然而，鉴定出了89.82%的精油，主要峰为橙花醛（27.52%）、芳樟醇（25.83%）和香叶醛（23.44%）。柠檬的HD精油对显示出最高活性，对小鼠巨噬细胞（RAW 264.7）细胞具有中等毒性，并且在两种利什曼原虫物种上都具有最佳的选择性指数（SI：3.68；6.38），其次是通过SFME获得的精油和精油（分别为0.9 ± 0.29、1.03 ± 0.27和1.13 ± 0.3）。与作为阳性对照的两性霉素B（分别为0.80 ± 0.18和0.23 ± 0.13）相比，精油对显示出最大活性，其次是HD柠檬精油和SFME柠檬精油（分别为0.32 ± 0.18、0.52 ± 0.15和0.57 ± 0.09）。我们的研究表明，柠檬油（HD）对具有强大的抗利什曼原虫活性，其次是精油。精油对也显示出相同的效力，其次是HD柠檬油。这种效果可能归因于柠檬烯、柠檬醛和橙花醛等主要化合物，以及其他不同化合物的协同作用。这些观察结果可能是开发新型天然抗利什曼原虫药物的起点，这些药物可以结合含有不同品种的不同精油。
