Department of Sport Rehabilitation, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China.
Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai Shangti Orthopaedic Hospital, Shanghai, China.
Front Immunol. 2022 Sep 9;13:1005665. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1005665. eCollection 2022.
Osteoporosis (OP) is a disease that weakens bones and has a high morbidity rate worldwide, which is prevalent among the elderly, particularly, women of postmenopausal age. The dynamic balance between bone formation and resorption is necessary for normal bone metabolism. Many factors, including aging, estrogen deficiency, and prolonged immobilization, disrupt normal apoptosis, autophagy, and inflammation, leading to abnormal activation of osteoclasts, which gradually overwhelm bone formation by bone resorption. Moderate exercise as an effective non-drug treatment helps increase bone formation and helps relieve OP. The possible mechanisms are that exercise affects apoptosis and autophagy through the release of exercise-stimulated myohormone and the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines mechanical force. In addition, exercise may also have an impact on the epigenetic processes involved in bone metabolism. Mechanical stimulation promotes bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) to osteogenic differentiation by altering the expression of non-coding RNAs. Besides, by reducing DNA methylation, the mechanical stimulus can also alter the epigenetic status of osteogenic genes and show associated increased expression. In this review, we reviewed the possible pathological mechanisms of OP and summarized the effects of exercise on bone metabolism, and the mechanisms by which exercise alleviates the progression of OP, to provide a reference for the prevention and treatment of OP.
骨质疏松症（OP）是一种削弱骨骼的疾病，在全球范围内发病率很高，尤其在老年人中更为普遍，尤其是绝经后妇女。骨形成和骨吸收的动态平衡是正常骨代谢所必需的。许多因素，包括衰老、雌激素缺乏和长期固定不动，破坏了正常的细胞凋亡、自噬和炎症，导致破骨细胞异常激活，逐渐超过骨形成的骨吸收。作为一种有效的非药物治疗方法，适度运动有助于增加骨形成，并有助于缓解 OP。可能的机制是运动通过释放运动刺激的肌激素和分泌抗炎细胞因子来影响细胞凋亡和自噬，机械力。此外，运动可能对涉及骨代谢的表观遗传过程也有影响。机械刺激通过改变非编码 RNA 的表达，促进骨髓间充质干细胞（BMSCs）向成骨细胞分化。此外，通过减少 DNA 甲基化，机械刺激还可以改变成骨基因的表观遗传状态，并显示出相关的表达增加。在这篇综述中，我们回顾了 OP 的可能病理机制，并总结了运动对骨代谢的影响，以及运动缓解 OP 进展的机制，为 OP 的预防和治疗提供参考。
