Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA.
Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, New York, USA.
Infancy. 2023 Mar;28(2):190-205. doi: 10.1111/infa.12503. Epub 2022 Sep 30.
Learning to walk expands infants' access to the physical environment and prompts changes in their communicative behaviors. However, little is known about whether walking also shapes infants' proximity to their adult social partners during everyday activities at home. Here we followed 89 infants (42 boys, 47 girls; 92% White, not Hispanic or Latino) longitudinally and documented connections between infant locomotion and infant-adult proximity on two timescales: (1) across developmental time, by comparing data from a session when infants could only crawl to a later session when they could walk (M walk onset = 12.15 months, range = 8-15); and (2) in real time, by testing whether the amount of time that infants spent in motion (regardless of their locomotor status) related to their interpersonal distance to adults. The developmental transition to walking corresponded to a significant, but modest, decrease in infant-adult proximity. Infants' moment-to-moment locomotion, however, was strongly related to patterns of interpersonal distance: infants who spent more time in motion spent less time near adults and instigated more proximity transitions, resulting in shorter and more dispersed bouts of proximity throughout sessions. Findings shed new light on how infants' motor achievements can reverberate across other domains of development, and how changes in infant development that researchers often observe over months arise from infants' moment-to-moment experiences.
学习走路扩大了婴儿对物理环境的接触，并促使他们的交流行为发生变化。然而，人们对婴儿在日常生活中走路是否也会影响他们与成人社会伙伴的亲近程度知之甚少。在这里，我们对 89 名婴儿（42 名男孩，47 名女孩；92%为白人，非西班牙裔或拉丁裔）进行了纵向跟踪，并记录了婴儿运动与婴儿-成人接近程度之间的联系，有两个时间尺度：（1）跨发展时间，通过比较婴儿只能爬行的会议数据与他们可以走路的后期会议数据（M 步行开始时间= 12.15 个月，范围= 8-15）；（2）在实时测试中，无论婴儿的运动状态如何，他们运动的时间量是否与他们与成年人的人际距离有关。向步行的发展转变对应着婴儿-成人接近程度的显著但适度的下降。然而，婴儿的即时运动与人际距离模式密切相关：花费更多时间运动的婴儿花更少的时间靠近成年人，并引发更多的接近转变，从而导致整个会议期间接近的时间更短、更分散。研究结果为婴儿的运动成就如何在其他发展领域产生反响，以及研究人员经常在几个月内观察到的婴儿发育变化如何来自婴儿的即时体验，提供了新的见解。
