Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LMU University Hospital Munich, Nussbaumstr. 7, 80336, Munich, Germany.
Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2022 Nov;24(11):603-612. doi: 10.1007/s11920-022-01368-7. Epub 2022 Oct 1.
Loneliness is a common experience in patients with personality disorders (PDs) that are characterized by impairment in self (identity, self-direction) and interpersonal functioning (empathy, intimacy). Here, we review studies assessing the association of loneliness with PD or PD traits including DSM-5's Alternative Model of PD (AMPD).
The number of loneliness studies varied greatly among different PDs with most studies conducted in borderline PD. Across PDs, loneliness was associated with the severity of psychopathological symptoms and with several AMPD trait domains. Consequently, loneliness may contribute to PD severity and further impair personality functioning. Loneliness and PD share intra- and interpersonal factors (i.e., increased rejection sensitivity, information processing biases, social withdrawal) and common origins in childhood maltreatment that may explain their close association. Future research needs to investigate mechanisms on how loneliness and core characteristics of PD mutually reinforce each other in order to therapeutically address loneliness in PD.
孤独是人格障碍（PD）患者的常见体验，其特征为自我（身份认同、自我导向）和人际功能（同理心、亲密感）受损。本文综述了评估孤独感与 PD 或 PD 特征（包括 DSM-5 人格障碍替代模型（AMPD））之间关联的研究。
不同 PD 中孤独感研究的数量差异很大，大多数研究在边缘型 PD 中进行。在所有 PD 中，孤独感与精神病理症状的严重程度以及 AMPD 多个特征领域相关。因此，孤独感可能导致 PD 严重程度加重，并进一步损害人格功能。孤独感和 PD 具有共同的内在和人际因素（即增加拒绝敏感性、信息处理偏差、社会退缩），以及在儿童期虐待方面的共同起源，这可以解释它们的密切关联。未来的研究需要调查孤独感和 PD 的核心特征如何相互加强的机制，以便在治疗中解决 PD 中的孤独感。
