de Klerk Rick, van der Jagt Gabriëlle, Veeger Dirkjan, van der Woude Lucas, Vegter Riemer
Center for Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.
Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands.
Front Rehabil Sci. 2022 Mar 9;3:777085. doi: 10.3389/fresc.2022.777085. eCollection 2022.
The acquisition of daily handrim wheelchair propulsion skill as a multi-layered phenomenon has been studied in the past. Wheelchair racing, however, is considerably different from daily handrim wheelchair propulsion in terms of propulsion technique, as well as the underlying equipment and interface. Understanding wheelchair racing skill acquisition is important from a general motor learning and skill acquisition perspective, but also from a performance and injury prevention perspective. The aim of the current lab-based study was 2-fold: to investigate the evolution of racing wheelchair propulsion skill among a sample of novices and to compare them with an experienced wheelchair racer under similar conditions. A convenience sample of 15 able-bodied novices (8 male, 7 female) completed a standardized three-week submaximal uninstructed practice protocol (3 weeks, 3 sessions per week, 3x4 min per session) in a racing wheelchair on an ergometer. Required wheeling velocity was set at 2.78 m/s (10 km/h) and a rolling friction coefficient of 0.011 (resulting in a mean target load of 21W) was used. For comparison, an experienced T54 Paralympic athlete completed one block of the same protocol. Kinetics, kinematics, and physiological data were captured. A mixed effects regression analysis was used to examine the effect of practice for the novices, while controlling for speed. All participants finished the protocol successfully. However, not all participants were able to achieve the target speed during the first few sessions. Statistically significant improvements over time were found for all outcome measures (i.e., lower metabolic strain, longer push and cycle times) with the exception of mean power and torque per push. The athlete used a significantly greater contact angle and showed "better" outcomes on most metabolic and kinetic variables. While the athlete used a semi-circular propulsion technique, most participants used a double looping over technique. Three weeks of uninstructed wheelchair racing practice significantly improved efficiency and skill among a group of novices, in line with previous studies on daily handrim wheelchair propulsion. The comparison with an experienced athlete expectedly showed that there is still a large performance (and knowledge) gap to be conquered.
过去曾对日常手动轮椅推进技能作为一种多层次现象的习得情况进行过研究。然而，轮椅竞速在推进技术以及基础设备和接口方面与日常手动轮椅推进有很大不同。从一般运动学习和技能习得的角度，以及从表现和预防损伤的角度来看，了解轮椅竞速技能的习得都很重要。当前这项基于实验室的研究有两个目的：一是调查新手样本中竞速轮椅推进技能的演变情况，二是在相似条件下将他们与一名经验丰富的轮椅竞速运动员进行比较。一个由15名身体健全的新手（8名男性，7名女性）组成的便利样本，在测力计上使用竞速轮椅完成了一个标准化的为期三周的次最大强度无指导练习方案（3周，每周3次练习，每次练习3×4分钟）。设定所需的轮转速度为2.78米/秒（10公里/小时），并使用滚动摩擦系数为0.011（导致平均目标负荷为21瓦）。为作比较，一名经验丰富的T54级残奥会运动员完成了相同方案的一个模块。采集了动力学、运动学和生理数据。使用混合效应回归分析来检验新手练习的效果，同时控制速度。所有参与者都成功完成了方案。然而，并非所有参与者在前几次练习中都能达到目标速度。除了每次推动的平均功率和扭矩外，所有结果指标（即较低的代谢应变、更长的推动和周期时间）随时间都有统计学上的显著改善。该运动员使用的接触角明显更大，并且在大多数代谢和动力学变量上表现出“更好”的结果。当该运动员使用半圆形推进技术时，大多数参与者使用双环过技术。与之前关于日常手动轮椅推进的研究一致，三周的无指导轮椅竞速练习显著提高了一组新手的效率和技能。与一名经验丰富的运动员的比较不出所料地表明，仍有很大的表现（和知识）差距有待克服。
