Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.
Front Immunol. 2022 Sep 8;13:871463. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.871463. eCollection 2022.
According to the American Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, people in all age groups catch two or more "colds" per year, at least half of which are caused by human rhinoviruses. Despite decades of effort, there are no vaccines or drugs against rhinovirus infections and even social distancing measures that were effective in reducing the spread of the pandemic coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, did not reduce the rate of rhinovirus detection. Fortunately, most rhinovirus strains are naturally attenuated in that they are not associated with serious illness, hospitalization or mortality. Instead, rhinoviruses are one of the most frequent viruses found in nasal swabs of asymptomatic, healthy people. Since rhinovirus infections cannot be avoided, a rational approach would be to engineer them for the benefit of their human hosts. Rhinovirus infections naturally induce robust mucosal and serum immune responses to all virus-expressed proteins. Several replication-competent, human rhinovirus vaccine vectors able to express protective antigens for other pathogens have already been designed and tested in animal models. With this strategy, the inevitable common cold would be able to induce immunity not just to a specific rhinovirus serotype but to other more pathogenic respiratory viruses as well. This article reviews existing rhinovirus vaccine vector technology and describes the characteristics that make live-attenuated rhinoviruses attractive vaccine candidates for SARS-CoV-2 and other pathogenic respiratory viruses in the future.
根据美国疾病控制与预防中心的数据，所有年龄段的人每年都会感染两到两种以上的“感冒”，其中至少有一半是由人类鼻病毒引起的。尽管经过了几十年的努力，目前仍然没有针对鼻病毒感染的疫苗或药物，甚至在大流行冠状病毒 SARS-CoV-2 传播期间有效的社交距离措施，也没有降低鼻病毒的检出率。幸运的是，大多数鼻病毒株在自然状态下会减弱，它们不会导致严重疾病、住院或死亡。相反，鼻病毒是在无症状、健康人群的鼻腔拭子中发现的最常见的病毒之一。由于无法避免鼻病毒感染，因此一种合理的方法是将其用于造福人类宿主。鼻病毒感染会自然诱导针对所有病毒表达蛋白的强大黏膜和血清免疫反应。已经设计并在动物模型中测试了几种能够表达其他病原体保护性抗原的复制型、人类鼻病毒疫苗载体。通过这种策略，不可避免的普通感冒将不仅能够诱导针对特定鼻病毒血清型的免疫，还能够诱导针对其他更具致病性的呼吸道病毒的免疫。本文综述了现有的鼻病毒疫苗载体技术，并描述了使减毒鼻病毒成为 SARS-CoV-2 和未来其他致病性呼吸道病毒有吸引力的疫苗候选物的特征。
