Puente-Ruiz Stephanie C, Jais Alexander
Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Leipzig and University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
Front Cell Dev Biol. 2022 Sep 16;10:979251. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2022.979251. eCollection 2022.
In humans, various dietary and social factors led to the development of increased brain sizes alongside large adipose tissue stores. Complex reciprocal signaling mechanisms allow for a fine-tuned interaction between the two organs to regulate energy homeostasis of the organism. As an endocrine organ, adipose tissue secretes various hormones, cytokines, and metabolites that signal energy availability to the central nervous system (CNS). Vice versa, the CNS is a critical regulator of adipose tissue function through neural networks that integrate information from the periphery and regulate sympathetic nerve outflow. This review discusses the various reciprocal signaling mechanisms in the CNS and adipose tissue to maintain organismal energy homeostasis. We are focusing on the integration of afferent signals from the periphery in neuronal populations of the mediobasal hypothalamus as well as the efferent signals from the CNS to adipose tissue and its implications for adipose tissue function. Furthermore, we are discussing central mechanisms that fine-tune the immune system in adipose tissue depots and contribute to organ homeostasis. Elucidating this complex signaling network that integrates peripheral signals to generate physiological outputs to maintain the optimal energy balance of the organism is crucial for understanding the pathophysiology of obesity and metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes.
在人类中，各种饮食和社会因素导致大脑尺寸增加的同时，脂肪组织储存量也大幅增加。复杂的相互信号传导机制使得这两个器官之间能够进行精确调节的相互作用，以维持机体的能量平衡。作为一个内分泌器官，脂肪组织分泌各种激素、细胞因子和代谢产物，向中枢神经系统（CNS）传递能量可用性的信号。反之，中枢神经系统通过整合来自外周的信息并调节交感神经输出的神经网络，成为脂肪组织功能的关键调节者。本综述讨论了中枢神经系统和脂肪组织中维持机体能量平衡的各种相互信号传导机制。我们重点关注来自外周的传入信号在中基底下丘脑神经元群体中的整合，以及从中枢神经系统到脂肪组织的传出信号及其对脂肪组织功能的影响。此外，我们还讨论了微调脂肪组织库中免疫系统并有助于器官稳态的中枢机制。阐明这个整合外周信号以产生生理输出以维持机体最佳能量平衡的复杂信号网络，对于理解肥胖症和2型糖尿病等代谢性疾病的病理生理学至关重要。
